The Distressed State of Primary Care in Virginia Pre-Medicaid Expansion and Pre-Pandemic

From the Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (EMB, AH, JB, BW, PLK, AR, RS, KO, TK, AHK); Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (AR, RS); Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (PC, AB); Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. VA (KO).

From the Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (EMB, AH, JB, BW, PLK, AR, RS, KO, TK, AHK); Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (AR, RS); Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (PC, AB); Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. VA (KO).

From the Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (EMB, AH, JB, BW, PLK, AR, RS, KO, TK, AHK); Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (AR, RS); Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (PC, AB); Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. VA (KO).

From the Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (EMB, AH, JB, BW, PLK, AR, RS, KO, TK, AHK); Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (AR, RS); Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (PC, AB); Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. VA (KO).

From the Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (EMB, AH, JB, BW, PLK, AR, RS, KO, TK, AHK); Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (AR, RS); Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (PC, AB); Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. VA (KO).

From the Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (EMB, AH, JB, BW, PLK, AR, RS, KO, TK, AHK); Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (AR, RS); Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (PC, AB); Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. VA (KO).

From the Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (EMB, AH, JB, BW, PLK, AR, RS, KO, TK, AHK); Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (AR, RS); Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (PC, AB); Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. VA (KO).

From the Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (EMB, AH, JB, BW, PLK, AR, RS, KO, TK, AHK); Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (AR, RS); Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (PC, AB); Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. VA (KO).

From the Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (EMB, AH, JB, BW, PLK, AR, RS, KO, TK, AHK); Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (AR, RS); Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (PC, AB); Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. VA (KO).

From the Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (EMB, AH, JB, BW, PLK, AR, RS, KO, TK, AHK); Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (AR, RS); Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (PC, AB); Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. VA (KO).

From the Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (EMB, AH, JB, BW, PLK, AR, RS, KO, TK, AHK); Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (AR, RS); Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (PC, AB); Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. VA (KO).

From the Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (EMB, AH, JB, BW, PLK, AR, RS, KO, TK, AHK); Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (AR, RS); Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA (PC, AB); Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. VA (KO).