Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Difference in functional capacity associated with any 1 or more Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) insecurity. Regression coefficient and 95% CI for the mixed linear regression with and without adjustment for all potential confounders that met the 10% inclusion criteria. The vertical line at zero represents a null association. Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
- Figure 2.
Difference in functional capacity associated with food insecurity, housing instability, and financial hardship. Regression coefficient (β) and 95% CI for the mixed linear regression with adjustment for all potential confounders. The vertical line at 0.00 represents a null association. Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
Tables
Domain Question Answer Food insecurity In the past 12 months, did you ever eat less than you felt you should because there wasn't enough food? Yes/No Housing instability In the past 12 months, did you ever have to sleep at a friend or family member's house because you had no place else to live? Yes to either/no to both In the past 12 months, did you ever have to sleep outside, in a public place, or in a shelter because you had no place else to live? Financial hardship In the past 12 months, did you ever not have enough money to pay your basic living expenses (mortgage, rent, utilities, medicines, etc.)? Yes/No - Table 2.
Characteristics of Population Stratified by Any One or More Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) Insecurity (n = 2763)
1 or More Insecurityn (%) or Mean ± SD No Insecuritiesn (%) or Mean ± SD Sample size n 792 1971 Subject characteristics Age, years 55 ± 13 64 ± 13 Sex (male vs female) 264 (34%) 736 (38%) Race White 538 (68%) 1543 (78%) Black or African American 132 (17%) 189 (10%) Asian 13 (2%) 73 (4%) Other 109 (14%) 166 (8%) Ethnicity (Hispanic vs non-Hispanic) 106 (14%) 168 (9%) Married or living as married versus other 244 (31%) 1082 (55%) Employed (full time, part time, or student) 233 (30%) 676 (35%) Annual household income <$15,00 437 (56%) 403 (21%) $15,000–$29,999 196 (25%) 408 (21%) $30,000–$44,999 68 (9%) 256 (13%) $45,000–$59,999 30 (4%) 180 (9%) $60,000–$74,999 25 (3%) 184 (10%) $75,000–$99,999 16 (2%) 193 (10%) >$100,000 9 (1%) 301 (16%) Education Less than 9th grade 35 (4%) 65 (3%) 9th to 12th grade, no diploma 100 (13%) 152 (8%) High school graduate (including GED) 395 (50%) 747 (38%) Associate degree 119 (15%) 320 (16%) Bachelor's degree 86 (11%) 353 (18%) Graduate or professional degree 57 (7%) 330 (17%) Chronic conditions Arthritis 332 (42%) 826 (42%) Asthma 219 (28%) 389 (20%) Obstructive lung disease 177 (16%) 333 (12%) Chronic pain 701 (89%) 1620 (82%) Non-gestational diabetes 392 (50%) 869 (44%) Heart disease 656 (83%) 1728 (88%) Irritable bowel syndrome 40 (5%) 78 (4%) Lung disease 322 (41%) 585 (30%) Mood disorder 581 (73%) 1188 (60%) Insomnia 216 (27%) 477 (24%) Substance use disorder 366 (33%) 472 (17%) Tobacco use 227 (29%) 283 (14%) Unhealthy alcohol use 82 (10%) 101 (5%) Total chronic conditions 6 ± 2 5 ± 2 Medication adherence (higher indicates worse adherence) Morisky Medication Adherence Scale 0 229 (29%) 992 (51%) 1 159 (20%) 425 (22%) 2 236 (30%) 392 (20%) 3 97 (13%) 95 (5%) 4 64 (8%) 47 (2%) Neighborhood characteristics Social deprivation index (higher indicates more deprivation) 63 ± 26 50 ± 28 Urban 651 (85%) 1542 (79%) Population density, persons per square mile 4340 ± 4818 3876 ± 7755 Functional capacity Metabolic equivalents (METs) 5.6 ± 1.8 6.6 ± 2.0 Median, METs 5.1 6.6 Interquartile range (25th, 75th percentile), METs 4.4, 6.7 5.1, 8.3 SD, standard deviation.
Insecurities Unadjusted Effect 95% CI P Adjusted Effect 95% CI P Any 1 or more* −0.88 −1.02, −0.74 <0.001 −0.62 −0.78, −0.46 <0.001 Food† −0.75 −0.97, −0.53 <0.001 −0.48 −0.68, −0.27 <0.001 Housing‡ −0.60 −1.00, −0.20 0.003 −0.44 −0.81, −0.08 0.02 Financial§ −0.84 −1.01, −0.67 <0.001 −0.59 −0.76, −0.36 <0.001 Number of insecurities (0 to 3)§ −0.51 −0.61, −0.41 <0.001 −0.38 −0.48, −0.28 <0.001 ↵* Confounder list: age, marital status, income, count of chronic conditions, Social Deprivation Index (SDI).
↵† Confounder list: age, marital status, income, education, mood disorder, count of chronic conditions, SDI.
↵‡ Confounder list: age, marital status, income, education, mood disorder, arthritis, count of chronic conditions, urban, population density.
↵§ Confounder list: age, marital status, income, education, count of chronic conditions, SDI.
CI, confidence interval.
