Self-Reported Opioid Use and Driving Outcomes among Older Adults: The AAA LongROAD Study

From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (MEB, JH); Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (HH, CD); Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (TFPM); Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY (DS); Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (TJM, GI); Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla (LLH); Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (VJ); University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center), Ann Arbor (LJM, DWE); Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University–Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (GI).

From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (MEB, JH); Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (HH, CD); Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (TFPM); Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY (DS); Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (TJM, GI); Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla (LLH); Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (VJ); University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center), Ann Arbor (LJM, DWE); Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University–Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (GI).

From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (MEB, JH); Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (HH, CD); Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (TFPM); Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY (DS); Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (TJM, GI); Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla (LLH); Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (VJ); University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center), Ann Arbor (LJM, DWE); Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University–Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (GI).

From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (MEB, JH); Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (HH, CD); Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (TFPM); Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY (DS); Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (TJM, GI); Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla (LLH); Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (VJ); University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center), Ann Arbor (LJM, DWE); Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University–Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (GI).

From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (MEB, JH); Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (HH, CD); Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (TFPM); Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY (DS); Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (TJM, GI); Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla (LLH); Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (VJ); University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center), Ann Arbor (LJM, DWE); Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University–Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (GI).

From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (MEB, JH); Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (HH, CD); Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (TFPM); Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY (DS); Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (TJM, GI); Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla (LLH); Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (VJ); University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center), Ann Arbor (LJM, DWE); Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University–Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (GI).

From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (MEB, JH); Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (HH, CD); Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (TFPM); Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY (DS); Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (TJM, GI); Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla (LLH); Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (VJ); University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center), Ann Arbor (LJM, DWE); Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University–Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (GI).

From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (MEB, JH); Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (HH, CD); Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (TFPM); Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY (DS); Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (TJM, GI); Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla (LLH); Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (VJ); University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center), Ann Arbor (LJM, DWE); Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University–Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (GI).

From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (MEB, JH); Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (HH, CD); Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (TFPM); Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY (DS); Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (TJM, GI); Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla (LLH); Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (VJ); University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center), Ann Arbor (LJM, DWE); Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University–Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (GI).

From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (MEB, JH); Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (HH, CD); Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (TFPM); Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY (DS); Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (TJM, GI); Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla (LLH); Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (VJ); University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center), Ann Arbor (LJM, DWE); Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University–Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (GI).

From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (MEB, JH); Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (HH, CD); Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (TFPM); Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY (DS); Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (TJM, GI); Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla (LLH); Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (VJ); University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center), Ann Arbor (LJM, DWE); Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University–Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (GI).

From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (MEB, JH); Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (HH, CD); Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (TFPM); Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY (DS); Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (TJM, GI); Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla (LLH); Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (VJ); University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center), Ann Arbor (LJM, DWE); Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University–Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (GI).

From the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (MEB, JH); Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (HH, CD); Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (TFPM); Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, NY (DS); Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (HFA); Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY (TJM, GI); Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla (LLH); Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (VJ); University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Center for Advancing Transportation Leadership and Safety (ATLAS Center), Ann Arbor (LJM, DWE); Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University–Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (GI).