Article Figures & Data
Tables
Variables No. All Participants Males Females P Values Skipped medication 1,349 11.8 (11.1–12.6) 10.2 (9.2–11.3) 13.5 (12.4–14.7) <.001 Took less medication 1,413 12.2 (11.5–13.0) 10.5 (9.5–11.6) 13.9 (12.8–15.1) <.001 Delayed filling prescription 1,671 14.6 (13.8–15.5) 12.5 (11.4–13.6) 16.8 (15.6–18.1) <.001 Lower-cost medication 3,281 29.9 (28.8–31.0) 28.0 (26.4. 29.6) 31.8 (30.2–33.4) <.001 Usual source of care Yes 10,940 95.8 (95.4–96.3) 95.5 (94.8–96.1) 96.2 (95.6–96.7) .135 No 508 4.2 (3.7–4.6) 4.5 (3.9–5.2) 3.8 (3.3–4.4) Age-y 18 to 29 232 2.5 (2.1–2.9) 2.0 (1.6–2.6) 2.9 (2.4–3.6) .006 30 to 44 1,098 10.2 (9.5–10.9) 9.9 (8.9–10.9) 10.5 (9.5–11.5) 45 to 64 4,988 47.3 (46.0–48.5) 49.3 (47.4–51.1) 45.3 (43.5–47.1) 65 and above 5,130 40.1 (38.8–41.3) 38.8 (37.1–40.6) 41.3 (39.6–43.0) Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic white 6,351 62.9 (61.6–64.2) 64.8 (63.0–66.6) 60.9 (59.3–62.6) <.001 Non-Hispanic black 2,262 15.1 (14.2–16.1) 13.3 (12.2–14.5) 17.0 (15.8–18.2) Hispanic 1,982 15.1 (14.1–16.2) 15.0 (13.6–16.6) 15.1 (14.0–16.3) Non-Hispanic other 853 6.9 (6.3–7.6) 6.8 (6.0–7.7) 7.0 (6.1–7.9) Education attainment Less than high school 1,240 9.1 (8.4–9.8) 8.1 (7.2–9.1) 10.0 (9.1–10.9) <.001 High school 4,863 42.3 (41.0–43.5) 41.2 (39.4–43.1) 43.3 (41.7–44.9) Some college and above 5,345 48.7 (47.3–50.0) 50.6 (48.7–52.5) 46.7 (45.1–48.3) Marital status Married 4,984 57.3 (56.1–58.6) 67.3 (65.7–68.8) 47.3 (45.4–49.2) <.001 Nonmarried 6,464 42.7 (41.4–43.9) 32.7 (31.2–34.3) 52.7 (50.8–54.6) Health insurance Private 5,333 51.6 (50.2–53.0) 53.8 (52.0–55.6) 49.4 (47.5–51.3) .001 Public 5,149 39.9 (38.6–41.2) 37.9 (36.3–39.5) 41.9 (40.1–4.37) No coverage 966 8.5 (7.9–9.2) 8.3 (7.4–9.3) 8.7 (7.9–9.6) Poverty ratio Less than 1 2,482 16.4 (15.5–17.3) 13.1 (12.0–14.2) 19.7 (18.4–21.0) <.001 1 to 2 2,869 22.8 (21.7–23.9) 20.1 (18.8–21.5) 25.4 (24.0–27.0) Greater than 2 6,097 60.9 (59.5–62.2) 66.8 (65.1–68.5) 54.9 (53.1–56.7) Self-reported health Good and above 6,699 60.4 (59.2–61.6) 62.4 (60.7–64.2) 58.4 (56.8–60.1) .001 Fair and below 4,749 39.6 (38.4–40.8) 37.6 (35.8–39.3) 41.6 (39.9–43.2) Current smoker Yes 1,809 15.2 (14.3–16.1) 16.4 (15.1–17.7) 14.0 (13.0–15.2) .004 No 9,639 84.8 (83.9–85.7) 83.6 (82.3–84.9) 86.0 (84.8–87.0) Alcohol use Heavy & medium 1,078 10.1 (9.4–10.9) 15.5 (14.3–16.8) 4.8 (4.1–5.6) <.001 Light & no use 10,370 89.9 (89.1–90.6) 84.5 (83.2–85.7) 95.2 (94.4–95.9) Functional limitation Not limited in any way 3,382 32.2 (31.1–33.3) 38.6 (36.8–40.3) 25.8 (24.4–27.2) <.001 Has a functional limitation 8,066 67.8 (66.7–68.9) 61.4 (59.7–63.2) 74.2 (72.8–75.6) All values are in percentages. Values within parenthesis indicate 95% Confidence Intervals.
- Table 2.
Multivariate Logistic Regression Models for Association between Gender and Cost-Related Medication Nonadherence among Diabetes Patients (N = 11,448)
Skipped Medication OR (95% CI) Took Less Medication OR (95% CI) Delayed Filling Prescription OR (95% CI) Lower-Cost Medication OR (95% CI) Gender Male (Ref) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Female 1.30** (1.09–1.55) 1.26* (1.06–1.50) 1.29*** (1.11–1.50) 1.17** (1.04–1.32) Usual Source of Care Yes 0.59*** (0.44–0.79) 0.56*** (0.42–0.74) 0.60*** (0.45–0.79) 1.09 (0.84–1.42) No (Ref) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Age 18 to 29 (Ref) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 30 to 44 0.99 (0.63–1.54) 1.05 (0.68–1.63) 1.13 (0.72–1.76) 1.28 (0.88–1.87) 45 to 64 0.73 (0.48–1.12) 0.80 (0.53–1.21) 0.75 (0.48–1.16) 1.06 (0.74–1.50) 65 and above 0.24*** (0.15–0.38) 0.29*** (0.19–0.46) 0.28*** (0.18–0.44) 0.69* (0.48–0.99) Race/Ethncity Non-Hispanic White (Ref) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Non-Hispanic Black 1.12 (0.92–1.37) 1.20 (0.99–1.46) 1.09 (0.91–1.30) 0.80** (0.69–0.92) Hispanic 1.02 (0.81–1.28) 0.99 (0.78–1.24) 0.85 (0.68–1.06) 0.72*** (0.60–0.85) Non-Hispanic Other 0.61** (0.42–0.89) 0.63* (0.43–0.92) 0.50*** (0.35–0.71) 0.64*** (0.50–0.81) Education Attainment Less than High School (Ref) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 High School 1.18 (0.88–1.58) 1.25 (0.93–1.68) 1.06 (0.81–1.39) 1.12 (0.90–1.39) Some College and Above 1.36 (0.99–1.86) 1.53** (1.12–2.09) 1.17 (0.87–1.58) 1.21 (0.96–1.53) Marital Status Married 1.09 (0.93–1.28) 1.08 (0.92–1.26) 1.07 (0.92–1.24) 1.11 (0.99–1.25) Non-married (Ref) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Health Insurance Private (Ref) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Public 0.74** (0.61–0.91) 0.68*** (0.55–0.83) 0.69*** (0.57–0.82) 0.79*** (0.69–0.89) No Coverage 2.72*** (2.10–3.53) 2.46*** (1.91–3.17) 2.26*** (1.79–2.83) 2.11*** (1.73–2.58) Poverty Ratio Less than 1 (Ref) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1 to 2 1.24 (0.98–1.56) 1.14 (0.91–1.43) 1.14 (0.91–1.43) 1.61*** (1.35–1.92) Greater than 2 0.62*** (0.46–0.82) 0.55*** (0.42–0.71) 0.59*** (0.46–0.76) 1.30** (1.08–1.56) Self-reported Health Good and above 0.55*** (0.46–0.65) 0.53*** (0.44–0.63) 0.57*** (0.48–0.67) 0.73*** (0.65–0.83) Fair and below (Ref) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Current Smoker Yes 1.39** (1.14–1.70) 1.36** (1.12–1.64) 1.28* (1.06–1.54) 1.12 (0.97–1.30) No (Ref) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Alcohol Use Heavy & Medium 1.05 (0.80–1.37) 0.94 (0.72–1.22) 0.83 (0.64–1.09) 0.86 (0.71–1.05) Light & No use (Ref) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Functional Limitation Not limited in any way (Ref) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Has a functional limitation 1.90*** (1.55–2.33) 2.01*** (1.65–2.46) 1.98*** (1.65–2.38) 1.67*** (1.46–1.92)
