Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Sample Characteristics for Total Sample, Black Participants, and White/Other Participants
Total Sample Black White/Other Race 92 (100.0) 48 (52.2) 44 (48.8) Non-Hispanic white 40 (43.5) 0 40 Non-Hispanic black 44 (47.8) 44 0 Hispanic* 3 (3.3) 2 1 American Indian or Alaska Native† 4 (4.3) 2 2 Other 1 (1.1) 0 1 Age (mean yr [range]) 51.9 (40–80) 51.3 (40–80) 52.5 (40–79) Female sex 71 (77.2) 39 (81.3) 32 (72.7) Education No high school diploma 24 (26.1) 16 (33.3) 8 (18.2) GED or graduated from high school 21 (22.8) 14 (29.2) 7 (14.6) Some college 8 (8.7) 3 (6.3) 5 (10.4) Associate's degree or 2 years of college 23 (25.0) 13 (27.1) 10 (20.8) College graduate 10 (10.9) 1 (2.1) 9 (18.8) Graduate degree 6 (6.5) 1 (2.1) 5 (10.4) Employment status Employed (total) 27 (29.3) 13 (27.1) 14 (31.8) Full time 17 (18.5) 10 (20.8) 7 (15.9) Part time 10 (10.9) 3 (6.3) 7 (15.9) Unemployed (total)‡ 65 (70.7) 35 (72.9) 30 (68.2) Homemaker 2 (2.2) 1 (2.1) 1 (2.1) Retired 8 (8.7) 3 (6.3) 5 (11.4) Receiving disability 37 (40.2) 19 (39.6) 18 (40.9) Looking for paid work 17 (18.5) 13 (27.1) 4 (9.1) Not looking for paid work 15 (16.3) 7 (14.6) 8 (18.2) Household income level (per year) <$20,000 57 (62.0) 34 (70.8) 23 (52.3) ≥$20,000 35 (38.0) 14 (29.2) 21 (47.7) Values provided as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
↵* Two Hispanic participants also endorsed black; the other endorsed white.
↵† Two American Indian/Native Alaskan participants also endorsed black; one also endorsed white; and the other endorsed only American Indian/Native Alaskan.
↵‡ Some respondents endorsed more than one category of unemployment status.
GED, General Educational Development.
- Table 2.
Mean (SD) Scores for Sleep Quality Depression and Chronic Illness Morbidity for the Urban Primary Care Patients (n = 92)
Variable Mean (SD) PSQI global sleep quality 10.00 (4.88) PSQI components 1. Subjective sleep quality 1.57 (0.96) 2. Sleep latency 1.70 (1.08) 3. Sleep duration 1.28 (1.14) 4. Sleep efficiency 1.26 (1.23) 5. Sleep disturbance 1.96 (0.80) 6. Use of sleep medication 1.17 (1.34) 7. Daytime dysfunction 1.22 (0.84) PSQI items Average sleep duration (hr) 5.83 (1.77) Habitual sleep efficiency (%) 75.00 (20.10) Depression CESD-R 17.19 (12.37) CESD-R (minus sleep items) 14.10 (11.90) Morbidity index 4.1 (3.1) PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; CESD-R, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Revised.
- Table 3.
Percentages of Selected Characteristics by Sleep Disturbance* and Odds Ratios and Confidence Intervals from Hierarchical Logistic Regression Models Predicting Sleep Disturbance (n = 92)
Characteristic PSQI score >6 (%) Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6 Model 7 Full Model Race/ethnicity Black 81.3 3.00† (1.17–7.69) 2.97† (1.15–7.65) 2.92† (1.15–7.86) 2.71† (1.04–7.06) 2.39‡ (0.89–6.42) 2.91† (1.07–7.94) 3.15† (1.20–8.26) 2.44‡ (0.85–7.01) White/other 59.1 Sex Male 66.7 (referent) Female 71.8 1.13 (0.38–3.33) Employment status Employed (full or part time) 23.1 (referent) Unemployed/retired/receiving disability 76.9 2.20 (0.82–5.92) Income per year <$20,000 77.2 1.93 (0.75–4.97) ≥$20,000 60.0 Education level No high school diploma or GED 83.3 3.51† (0.98–12.59) 2.86 (0.73–11.19) High school diploma/GED and some college 82.8 3.63† (1.12–11.73) 2.60 (0.74–9.23) Associate's degree or higher 53.8 (referent)‖ (referent)‖ CESD-R§ quartiles Lowest quartile 45.0 (referent)¶ (referent)¶ Second quartile 65.2 2.12 (0.60 to 7.56) 1.74 (0.46 to 6.58) Third quartile 80.8 4.28† (1.10 to 16.60) 3.14 (0.77 to 12.87) Highest quartile 87.0 8.38† (1.78 to 39.60) 6.37† (1.30 to 31.25) Morbidity indexxy6* – 1.19‡ (0.99 to 1.42) 1.10 (0.89 to 1.36) Model 1 provides the odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) for the unadjusted model of the association between race/ethnicity and sleep disturbance. Models 2 through 7 provide the OR (95% CI) for the adjusted models of the association between race/ethnicity and sleep disturbance (each model's OR is adjusted for a single covariate). The Full Model provides the OR for the fully adjusted model of the association between race/ethnicity and sleep disturbance (after adjusting for all covariates).
↵* Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score >6.
↵† Wald statistic, P ≤ .05.
↵‡ Wald statistic, p < .1.
↵§ Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Revised (CESD-R) scores exclude sleep items.
↵‖ The OR for education level represents the odds compared with the highest education level (having an Associate's or higher degree).
↵¶ The OR for each CESD-R quartile represents the odds compared to the lowest quartile.
↵** The morbidity index is a continuous variable.
