Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Socioeconomic factors, Knowledge and Beliefs, Medical History, and Health Care Experience Variables and Their Association with Race/Ethnicity
Total (%) White (%) African-American (%) Hispanic (%) Sociodemographic variables Age 50–64 64.5 66.7 60.9 58.2 65–80 35.5 33.3 39.1 41.8 Sex Female 63.1 61.7 68.4 59.6 Education (yrs)† 0–11 19.8 12.2 28.4 50.3 12 32.1 32.5 34.1 25.2 ≤13 48.1 55.3 37.6 24.5 Income† <$15,000 38.5 31.5 53.8 47.9 $15,000–25,000 17.4 17.3 16.8 19.4 $25,000–50,000 19.4 19.7 18.8 18.8 >$50,000 24.7 31.4 10.6 13.9 Insurance type Public 27.0 23.9 31.8 35.6 Private 34.5 37.9 26.1 32.0 Mixed 33.5 33.4 37.3 25.6 Other 2.0 2.3 0.8 2.2 None 3.1 2.6 4.0 4.6 Medical history and health care experience Health status† Good/excellent 66.4 74.3 50.1 53.2 Family history of CRC Yes 14.8 16.7 10.5 11.8 Previous testing† Yes 55.5 62.4 43.4 38.7 Annual health exam† Yes 94.3 96.4 93.3 82.8 Regular PCP Yes 91.6 92.8 88.7 90.1 Dr. recommendation* Yes 64.0 66.0 64.3 49.9 Doctor satisfaction Mean score 11.31 11.37 11.37 11.15 Knowledge Awareness of screening† Yes 93.4 96.0 90.4 83.1 Statistical testing is for differences in variables across the 3 racial/ethnic groups. CRC, colorectal cancer; PCP, primary care physician.
* Variables that are significantly different amongst racial/ethnic subgroups at P < .05.
† P < .001.
Test Type Total (%) White (%) African American (%) Hispanic (%) Any test‡ 62.5 67.5 54.3 48.6 FOBT 19.0 18.6 21.8 15.5 FS 12.7 12.9 14.5 6.8 DCBE* 26.5 28.8 24.9 14.6 COL† 42.6 47.5 33.0 32.5 Statistical testing is for differences in variables across the 3 racial/ethnic groups. More than one test type can be reported by each subject. FOBT, fecal occult blood testing; FS, flexible sigmoidosopy; DCBE, double contrast barium enema; COL, colonoscopy.
* Variables that are significantly different amongst racial/ethnic subgroups at P < .05.
† P < .01.
‡ P < .001.
- Table 3.
Association Between Current CRC Screening and Sociodemographic Variables, Beliefs, Medical History, and Health Care Experience Variables
Current Screening (%) Sociodemographic variables Race/ethnicity† White 67.5 African-American 54.3 Hispanic 48.6 Sex Male 65.0 Female 61.0 Education (yrs) 0–11 51.0 12 63.5 ≤13 66.5 Age* <65 57.7 ≥65 71.2 Income <$15,000 54.3 $15,000–25,000 66.1 $25,000–50,000 68.3 >$50,000 67.0 Insurance type Public 65.5 Private 56.1 Mixed 68.3 Other 48.0 None 54.1 Medical history and health care experience Health status Good/excellent 65.9 Poor/fair 55.8 Family history 64.1 Yes No 62.2 Previous testing* 69.3 Yes No 54.1 Annual health exam† 64.2 Yes No 34.6 Regular PCP Yes 64.0 No 46.2 Dr. Recommendation‡ Yes 74.2 No 42.1 Current screening refers to the percentage within each category that were current with screening guidelines. Statistical tests are for comparison of screening rates across categories of the same variable. CRC, colorectal cancer; PCP, primary care physician.
* Indicates current CRC screening was significantly different at P < .01 level across categories of the variable.
† P < .001.
‡ P < .0001.
Model 1 (n = 542) OR (95% CI) Model 2 (n = 542) OR (95% CI) Model 3 (n = 542) OR (95% CI) Model 4 (n = 542) OR (95% CI) Race/ethnicity White 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 African-American 0.59 (0.37–0.95) 0.58 (0.35–0.96) 0.64 (0.38–1.07) 0.59 (0.34–1.03) Hispanic 0.54 (0.33–0.89) 0.54 (0.32–0.92) 0.73 (0.43–1.25) 0.68 (0.38–1.21) Age 50–64 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 65–80 2.37 (1.48–3.79) 2.81 (1.71–4.60) 2.46 (1.45–4.17) 2.88 (1.68–4.95) Gender Male 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Female 0.79 (0.50–1.25) 0.79 (0.49–1.28) 0.86 (0.53–1.40) 0.89 (0.53–1.49) Socioeconomic Education (yrs) 0–11 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 12 2.07 (1.13–3.81) 1.94 (1.05–3.59) 1.93 (0.99–3.72) 1.82 (0.94–3.51) ≤13 2.21 (1.23–3.99) 2.03 (1.08–2.96) 2.11 (1.15–3.86) 2.07 (1.09–3.92) Knowledge and beliefs Susceptibility 1.80 (1.10–2.96) 1.74 (1.04–2.91) Benefits 1.06 (0.63–1.78) 1.04 (0.60–1.81) Barriers 1.68 (1.03–2.75) 1.70 (1.00–2.89) Fatalism 1.17 (0.70–1.95) 1.32 (0.78–2.24) Knowledge 1.05 (0.64–1.73) 1.03 (0.60–1.76) Awareness of screening (reference not) 3.71 (1.76–7.80) 3.32 (1.47–7.53) Medical history/health care interaction Health status (referent is fair/poor) 1.05 (0.63–1.74) 0.99 (0.60–1.65) Family history of CRC (reference none) 1.08 (0.53–2.18) 1.01 (0.48–2.13) Previous testing (reference is none) 1.43 (0.87–2.37) 1.43 (0.85–2.39) Annual health exam (referent is never) 2.00 (0.92–4.35) 1.86 (0.78–4.41) Regular doctor (reference none) 1.35 (0.53–3.44) 1.38 (0.49–3.90) Dr. Recommendation (reference none) 3.94 (2.37–6.57) 3.86 (2.30-6.50) Doctor satisfaction 0.63 (0.38–1.06) 0.62 (0.37–1.04) Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit 0.22 0.11 0.69 0.73 Odds ratios are for CRC screening with any test according to recommended guidelines; bold type indicates statistical significance. OR, odds ratios; CRC, colorectal cancer; PCP, primary care physician.
Scale Type Mean ± SD (range) Cronbach Alpha Reliability Barriers 37.29 ± 6.69 (11–44) α = 0.84 How much do the following things affect your decision to get tested for colon cancer? Cost? Discomfort? Inconvenience? Fear of finding something wrong? Worrying about the results? Embarrassment? Lack of time? Problems with transportation? Fear about the treatment? Concerns about the messiness of the test? Lack of information concerning colon cancer? Benefits 31.5 ± 3.7 (20–40) α = 0.80 Some types of cancer can actually be cured. If colon cancer is detected early, chances of cures are very high. There are medical tests now that can detect colon cancer in its very early stages. There is very little I can do to reduce my chances of dying from colon cancer. Even if colon cancer is detected early, nothing can be done about it. The benefits of having a test to find colon cancer early outweigh any difficulties I may have going through it. Cancer is like a death sentence; if you get it, you will surely die from it. If I had a test to find colon cancer early, it could save my life. Having a test to find colon cancer early makes sense to me. I believe that a test to find colon cancer early can help to protect my health. Susceptibility 8.78 ± 2.0 (4–14) α = 0.72 What do you think your chance of getting colon cancer is? Compared with others your age and sex, what do you think your chance is that you will develop colon cancer? How worried are you that you may develop colon cancer? How much does it concern you that you may develop colon cancer? Fatalism 19.70 ± 2.0 (15–30) α = 0.87 Please indicate if you agree with the following statements: I think if someone is meant to have colon cancer, it doesn't matter what kinds of food they eat, they will get colon cancer anyway. I think if someone has colon cancer, it is already too late to get treated for it. I think someone can eat fatty foods all their life, and if they are not meant to get colon cancer, they won't get it. I think if someone is meant to get colon cancer, they will get it no matter what they do. I think if someone gets colon cancer, it was meant to be. I think if someone gets colon cancer, their time to die is soon. I think if someone gets colon cancer, that's the way they were meant to die. I think getting checked for colon cancer makes people scared that they may really have colon cancer. I think if someone is meant to have colon cancer, they will have colon cancer. I think some people don't want to know if they have colon cancer because they don't want to know they may be dying from it. I think if someone gets colon cancer, it doesn't matter whether they find it early or late, they will still die from it. I think if someone has colon cancer and gets treatment for it, they will probably still die from the colon cancer. I think if someone was meant to have colon cancer, it doesn't matter what doctors and nurses tell them to do, they will get colon cancer anyway. I think if someone is meant to have colon cancer, it doesn't matter if they eat healthy foods, they will still get colon cancer. I think colon cancer will kill you no matter when it is found and how it is treated. Knowledge α = 0.56 k = 12 Your risk of colon cancer decreases with age. Drinking a glass of red wine a day protects you against colon cancer. Smoking does not affect your chance of getting colon cancer. Eating foods high in bran/fiber reduces the risk of colon cancer (cereals, oatmeal, whole wheat bread). Homosexual men are more likely to develop colon cancer. If one of your parents gets colon cancer, it increases your chance of getting colon cancer. Not bathing regularly increases the chance of getting colon cancer. White people are more likely to get colon cancer than African-Americans. Hemorrhoids can be a sign for colon cancer. A person can have colon cancer without having pain or other symptoms. There is no test to find colon cancer early. If you have surgery to remove colon cancer, it is more likely to spread. Satisfaction 11.22 ± 1.23 (4–12) α = 0.69 How much do you believe that your regular doctor has helped you to get better? (any time in your life when you have been ill) How satisfied are you with your regular doctor? My regular doctor listens carefully to what I have to say.
In this issue
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- What are the contextual risk factors for low colorectal cancer screening uptake in El Paso County, Texas? Spatial cross-sectional analysis
- Racial Disparities and Barriers to Colorectal Cancer Screening in Rural Areas
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Screening Persisted Despite Expansion of Medicare's Screening Reimbursement
- The Medical Home, Health Services, and Clinical Family Medicine Research