Skip to main content

Main menu

  • HOME
  • ARTICLES
    • Current Issue
    • Ahead of Print
    • Archives
    • Abstracts In Press
    • Special Issue Archive
    • Subject Collections
  • INFO FOR
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Call For Papers
    • Subscribers
    • Advertisers
  • SUBMIT
    • Manuscript
    • Peer Review
  • ABOUT
    • The JABFM
    • The Editing Fellowship
    • Editorial Board
    • Indexing
    • Editors' Blog
  • CLASSIFIEDS
  • Other Publications
    • abfm

User menu

Search

  • Advanced search
American Board of Family Medicine
  • Other Publications
    • abfm
American Board of Family Medicine

American Board of Family Medicine

Advanced Search

  • HOME
  • ARTICLES
    • Current Issue
    • Ahead of Print
    • Archives
    • Abstracts In Press
    • Special Issue Archive
    • Subject Collections
  • INFO FOR
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Call For Papers
    • Subscribers
    • Advertisers
  • SUBMIT
    • Manuscript
    • Peer Review
  • ABOUT
    • The JABFM
    • The Editing Fellowship
    • Editorial Board
    • Indexing
    • Editors' Blog
  • CLASSIFIEDS
  • JABFM on Bluesky
  • JABFM On Facebook
  • JABFM On Twitter
  • JABFM On YouTube
OtherEvidence-based Clinical Medicine

Risk Indices Associated with the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, Cardiovascular Disease, and Possible Protection with Yoga: A Systematic Review

Kim E. Innes, Cheryl Bourguignon and Ann Gill Taylor
The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice November 2005, 18 (6) 491-519; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.18.6.491
Kim E. Innes
MSPH, PhD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Cheryl Bourguignon
RN, PhD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Ann Gill Taylor
MS, EdD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. ↵
    American Heart Association, 2004 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. American Heart Association, 2004.
  2. Bonow RO. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a call to action. Circulation 2002; 106: 3140–1.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  3. Lopez-Candales A. Cardiovascular diseases: a review of the Hispanic perspective. Awareness is the first step to action. J Med 2002; 33: 227–45.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  4. ↵
    Watkins LO. Epidemiology and burden of cardiovascular disease. Clin Cardiol 2004; 27(6 Suppl 3): III2–6.
    OpenUrl
  5. ↵
    Pramparo P. The epidemiology of hypertension in South America. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16(Suppl 1): S3–6.
    OpenUrl
  6. Posner B, Franz M, Quatromoni P. Nutrition and the global risk for chronic diseases: the INTERHEALTH Nutrition Initiative. Nutr Rev 1994; 52: 210–7.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  7. Popkin B. The nutrition transition in low-income countries. Nutr Rev 1994; 52: 285–98.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  8. ↵
    Grundy S. Hypertriglyceridemia, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 25F–9F.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  9. ↵
    Ginsberg H. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 453–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  10. ↵
    Isomaa B. A major health hazard: the metabolic syndrome. Life Sci 2003; 73: 2395–411.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  11. Reilly M, Rader D. The metabolic syndrome: more than the sum of its parts? Circulation 2003; 108: 1546–51.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  12. Reaven G, Abbasi F, McLaughlin T. Obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. Recent Prog Horm Res 2004; 59: 207–23.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  13. ↵
    Juhan-Vague I, Morange PE, Alessi MC. The insulin resistance syndrome: implications for thrombosis and cardiovascular disease. Pathophysiol Haemostasis Thromb 2002; 32: 269–73.
  14. ↵
    Ginsberg HN, Huang LS. The insulin resistance syndrome: impact on lipoprotein metabolism and atherothrombosis. J Cardiovasc Risk 2000; 7: 325–31.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  15. ↵
    Natali A, Ferrannini E. Hypertension, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2004; 33: 417–29.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  16. ↵
    Wheatcroft SB, Williams IL, Shah AM, Kearney MT. Pathophysiological implications of insulin resistance on vascular endothelial function. Diabetic Med 2003; 20: 255–68.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  17. ↵
    Hsueh W, Lyon C, Quinones M. Insulin resistance and the endothelium. Am J Med 2004; 117: 109–17.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  18. ↵
    Fernandez-Real JM, Ricart W. Insulin resistance and chronic cardiovascular inflammatory syndrome. Endo Rev 2003; 24: 278–301.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  19. Byrne CD. Programming other hormones that affect insulin. Br Med Bull 2001; 60: 153–71.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  20. Innes K, Wimsatt J. Pregnancy-induced hypertension and insulin resistance: evidence for a connection. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999; 78: 263–84.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  21. ↵
    Gadegbeku CA, Dhandayuthapani A, Sadler ZE, Egan BM. Raising lipids acutely reduces baroreflex sensitivity. American Journal of Hypertension 2002; 15: 479–85.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  22. Beske SD, Alvarez GE, Ballard TP, Davy KP. Reduced cardiovagal baroreflex gain in visceral obesity: implications for the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol 2002; 282: H630–5.
    OpenUrl
  23. Pikkujamsa SM, Huikuri HV, Airaksinen KE, Rantala AO, Kauma H, Lilja M, et al. Heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity in hypertensive subjects with and without metabolic features of insulin resistance syndrome. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 523–31.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  24. Bjorntorp P, Holm G, Rosmond R. Hypothalamic arousal, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med 1999; 16: 373–83.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  25. ↵
    Egan BM. Insulin resistance and the sympathetic nervous system. Curr Hypertens Rep 2003; 5: 247–54.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  26. Esler M. The sympathetic system and hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 99S–105S.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  27. ↵
    Palatini P. Sympathetic overactivity in hypertension: a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2001; 3(Suppl 1): S3–9.
    OpenUrl
  28. ↵
    Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J. Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation 1999; 99: 2192–217.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  29. ↵
    Singh RB, Kartik C, Otsuka K, Pella D, Pella J. Brain-heart connection and the risk of heart attack. Biomed Pharmacother 2002; 56(Suppl 2): 257s–65s.
    OpenUrl
  30. ↵
    Everson SA, Lynch JW, Chesney MA, et al. Interaction of workplace demands and cardiovascular reactivity in progression of carotid atherosclerosis: population based study. BMJ 1997; 314: 553–8.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  31. ↵
    Jennings JR, van der Molen MW, Somsen RJ, Graham R, Gianaros PJ. Vagal function in health and disease: studies in Pittsburgh. Physiol Behav 2002; 77: 693–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  32. ↵
    Bunker SJ, Colquhoun DM, Esler MD, et al. “Stress” and coronary heart disease: psychosocial risk factors. Med J Aust 2003; 178: 272–6.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  33. Bjorntorp P, Holm G, Rosmond R, Folkow B. Hypertension and the metabolic syndrome: closely related central origin?. Blood Pressure 2000; 9: 71–82.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  34. Hjemdahl P. Stress and the metabolic syndrome: an interesting but enigmatic association. Circulation 2002; 106: 2634–6.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  35. Brunner EJ, Hemingway H, Walker BR, et al. Adrenocortical, autonomic, and inflammatory causes of the metabolic syndrome: nested case-control study. Circulation 2002; 106: 2659–65.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  36. ↵
    Bernardi L, Sleight P, Bandinelli G, et al. Effect of rosary prayer and yoga mantras on autonomic cardiovascular rhythms: comparative study. BMJ 2001; 323: 1446–9.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  37. ↵
    Bjorntorp P. Body fat distribution, insulin resistance, and metabolic diseases. Nutrition 1997; 13: 795–803.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  38. ↵
    Vitaliano PP, Scanlan JM, Zhang J, Savage MV, Hirsch IB, Siegler IC. A path model of chronic stress, the metabolic syndrome, and coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med 2002; 64: 418–35.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  39. Weber B, Schweiger U, Deuschle M, Heuser I. Major depression and impaired glucose tolerance. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2000; 108: 187–90.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  40. Okamura F, Tashiro A, Utumi A, Imai T, Suchi T, Tamura D, et al. Insulin resistance in patients with depression and its changes during the clinical course of depression: minimal model analysis. Metabolism 2000; 49: 1255–60.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  41. ↵
    Raikkonen K, Matthews KA, Kuller LH. The relationship between psychological risk attributes and the metabolic syndrome in healthy women: antecedent or consequence? Metabolism 2002; 51: 1573–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  42. ↵
    Lucini D, Norbiato G, Clerici M, Pagani M. Hemodynamic and autonomic adjustments to real life stress conditions in humans. Hypertension 2002; 39: 184–8.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  43. ↵
    Levenstein S, Smith M, Kaplan G. Psychosocial predictors of hypertension in men and women. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 1341–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  44. ↵
    Pickering T, Clemow L, Davidson K, Gerin W. Behavioral cardiology –has its time finally arrived? Mt Sinai J Med 2003; 70: 101–12.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  45. Davidson K, Jonas B, Dixon K, Markovitz J. Do depression symptoms predict early hypertension incidence in young adults in the CARDIA study? Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults. Arch Int Med 2000; 160: 1495–500.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  46. ↵
    Ariyo A, Haan M, Tangen C, et al. Depressive symptoms and risks of coronary heart disease and mortality in elderly Americans. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Circulation 2000; 102: 1773–91.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  47. ↵
    Chen CC, Lu FH, Wu JS, Chang CJ. Correlation between serum lipid concentrations and psychological distress. Psychiatry Res 2001; 102: 153–62.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  48. ↵
    Spieker LE, Hurlimann D, Ruschitzka F, et al. Mental stress induces prolonged endothelial dysfunction via endothelin-A receptors. Circulation 2002; 105: 2817–20.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  49. Cannon RO 3rd. Role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular disease: focus on the endothelium. Clin Chem 1998; 44: 1809–19. Erratum in: Clin Chem 1998;44:2070.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  50. Sherwood A, Johnson K, Blumenthal JA, Hinderliter AL. Endothelial function and hemodynamic responses during mental stress. Psychosomatic Medicine 1999; 61: 365–70.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  51. Eaton W, Armenian H, Gallo J, Pratt L, Ford D. Depression and risk for onset of type II diabetes. A prospective population-based study. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 1097–102.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  52. ↵
    Black PH, Garbutt LD. Stress, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. J Psychosom Res 2002; 52: 1–23.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  53. von Kanel R, Mills PJ, Fainman C, Dimsdale JE. Effects of psychological stress and psychiatric disorders on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis: a biobehavioral pathway to coronary artery disease? Psychosom Med 2001; 63: 531–44.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  54. Goodman E, Whitaker R. A prospective study of the role of depression in the development and persistence of adolescent obesity. Pediatrics 2002; 110: 497–504.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  55. Nelson TL, Palmer RF, Pedersen NL, Miles TP. Psychological and behavioral predictors of body fat distribution: age and gender effects. Obes Res 1999; 7: 199–207.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  56. ↵
    Everson SA, Kaplan GA, Goldberg DE, Salonen R, Salonen JT. Hopelessness and 4-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis. The Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 1490–5.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  57. Greenwood DC, Muir KR, Packham CJ, Madeley RJ. Coronary heart disease: a review of the role of psychosocial stress and social support. J Public Health Med 1996; 18: 221–31.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  58. Kop WJ. The integration of cardiovascular behavioral medicine and psychoneuroimmunology: new developments based on converging research fields. Brain Behav Immun 2003; 17: 233–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  59. Todaro JF, Shen BJ, Niaura R, Spiro A 3rd, Ward KD. Effect of negative emotions on frequency of coronary heart disease (The Normative Aging Study). Am J Cardiol 2003; 92: 901–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  60. ↵
    Carney RM, Freedland KE, Miller GE, Jaffe AS. Depression as a risk factor for cardiac mortality and morbidity: a review of potential mechanisms. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53: 897–902.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  61. ↵
    Davidson D. Preventive cardiology. Baltimore, 1991.
  62. ↵
    Carr MC. The emergence of the metabolic syndrome with menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2404–11.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  63. ↵
    Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH. Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2444–9.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  64. ↵
    Seidell JC. Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes—a worldwide epidemic. Br J Nutr 2000; 83 Suppl 1: S5–8.
    OpenUrl
  65. ↵
    Lindsay R, Howard B. Cardiovascular risk associated with the metabolic syndrome. Curr Diabetes Rep 2004; 4: 63–8.
    OpenUrl
  66. ↵
    Telles S, Naveen K. Yoga for rehabilitation: an overview. Indian J Med Sci 1997; 51: 123–7.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  67. ↵
    Pandya D, Vyas V, Vyas S. Mind-body therapy in the management and prevention of coronary disease. Compr Ther 1999; 25: 283–93.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  68. ↵
    Damodaran A, Malathi A, Patil N, Shah N, Suryavansihi Marathe S. Therapeutic potential of yoga practices in modifying cardiovascular risk profile in middle aged men and women. J Assoc Physicians India 2002; 50: 633–40.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  69. Sahay B, Sahay R. Lifestyle modification in management of diabetes mellitus. J Indian Med Assoc 2002; 100: 178–80.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  70. ↵
    Garfinkel M, Schumacher HJ. Yoga. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 2000; 26: 125–32.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  71. Chandler K. The emerging field of yoga therapy. Hawaii Med J 2001; 60: 286–7.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  72. ↵
    Raub J. Psychophysiologic effects of Hatha Yoga on musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary function: a literature review. J Altern Complementary Med 2002; 8: 797–812.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  73. Saper R, Eisenberg D, Davis R, Culpepper L, Phillips R. Prevalence and patterns of adult yoga use in the United States: results of a national survey. Altern Ther Health Med 2004; 10: 44–9.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  74. ↵
    Labarthe D, Ayala C. Nondrug interventions in hypertension prevention and control. Cardiol Clin 2002; 20: 249–63.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  75. ↵
    Gimbel M. Yoga, meditation, and imagery: clinical applications. Nurse Practitioner Forum 1998; 9: 243–55.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  76. ↵
    Wood C. Mood change and perceptions of vitality: a comparison of the effects of relaxation, visualization and yoga. J Roy Soc Med 1993; 86: 254–8.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  77. ↵
    Miller J, Fletcher K, Kabat-Zinn J. Three-year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1995; 17: 192–200.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  78. ↵
    Manchanda S, Narang R, Reddy K, et al. Retardation of coronary atherosclerosis with yoga lifestyle intervention. J Assoc Physicians India 2000; 48: 687–94.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  79. ↵
    Patel C, Marmot M, Terry D, Carruthers M, Hunt B, Patel M. Trial of relaxation in reducing coronary risk: four year follow-up. Br Med J 1985; 290: 1103–6.
  80. ↵
    Yogendra J, Yogendra H, Ambardekar S, et al. Beneficial effects of yoga lifestyle on reversibility of ischaemic heart disease: Caring Heart Project of International Board of Yoga. J Assoc Physicians India 2004; 52: 283–9.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  81. ↵
    King MS, Carr T, D’Cruz C. Transcendental meditation, hypertension and heart disease. Aust Fam Physician 2002; 31: 164–8.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  82. ↵
    Kamei T, Toriumi Y, Kimura H, Ohno S, Kumano H, Kimura K. Decrease in serum cortisol during yoga exercise is correlated with alpha wave activation. Percept Mot Skills 2000; 90: 1027–32.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  83. ↵
    Wang C, Collet JP, Lau J. The effect of Tai Chi on health outcomes in patients with chronic conditions: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164: 493–501.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  84. ↵
    Verhagen AP, Immink M, van der Meulen A, Bierma-Zeinstra SM. The efficacy of Tai Chi Chuan in older adults: a systematic review. Fam Pract 2004; 21: 107–13.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  85. ↵
    Singh S, Malhotra V, Singh K, Sharma S. A preliminary report on the role of yoga asanas on oxidative stress in non-insulin dependent diabetes. Indian J Clin Biochem 2001; 16: 216–20.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  86. ↵
    Malhotra V, Singh S, Singh K, Gupta P, Sharma S, Madhu S, et al. Study of yoga asanas in assessment of pulmonary function in NIDDM patients. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 46: 313–20.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  87. ↵
    Fields JZ, Walton KG, Schneider RH, et al. Effect of a multimodality natural medicine program on carotid atherosclerosis in older subjects: a pilot trial of Maharishi Vedic Medicine. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 952–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  88. ↵
    Naruka J, Mathur R, Mathur A. Effect of pranayama practices on fasting blood glucose and serum cholesterol. Indian J Med Sci 1986; 40: 149–52.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  89. ↵
    Udupa KN, Singh RH. The scientific basis of yoga. JAMA 1972; 220: 1365.
  90. ↵
    Joseph S, Sridharan K, Patil S, et al. Study of some physiological and biochemical parameters in subjects undergoing yogic training. Indian J Med Res 1981; 74: 120–4.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  91. ↵
    Divekar M, Bhat M, Mulla A. Effect of yoga therapy in diabetes and obesity. J Diab Assoc Ind 1978; 17: 75–8.
    OpenUrl
  92. ↵
    Jain S, Uppal A, Bhatnagar S, Talukdar B. A study of response pattern of non-insulin dependent diabetics to yoga therapy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1993; 19: 69–74.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  93. ↵
    Udupa KN, Singh RH, Settiwar RM. Physiological and biochemical studies on the effect of yogic and certain other exercises. Indian J Med Res 1975; 63: 620–4.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  94. ↵
    Sahay BK, Sadasivudu B, Yogi R, et al. Biochemical parameters in normal volunteers before and after yogic practices. Indian J Med Res 1982; 76(Suppl): 144–8.
  95. ↵
    Monro R, Power J, Coumar A, Dandona P. Yoga therapy for NIDDM: a controlled trial. Complementary Med Res 1992; 6: 66–8.
    OpenUrl
  96. ↵
    Vyas R, Dikshit N. Effect of meditation on respiratory system, cardiovascular system and lipid profile. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 46: 487–91.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  97. ↵
    Patel C. Reduction of serum cholesterol and blood pressure in hypertensive patients by behaviour modification. J Roy Coll Gen Practitioners 1976; 26: 211–5.
    OpenUrl
  98. ↵
    Schmidt T, Wijga A, Von Zur Muhlen A, Brabant G, Wagner T. Changes in cardiovascular risk factors and hormones during a comprehensive residential three month kriya yoga training and vegetarian nutrition. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1997; 640: 158–62.
    OpenUrl
  99. ↵
    Mahajan A, Reddy K, Sachdeva U. Lipid profile of coronary risk subjects following yogic lifestyle intervention. Indian Heart J 1999; 51: 37–40.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  100. ↵
    Jatuporn S, Sangwatanaroj S, Saengsiri A, et al. Short-term effects of an intensive lifestyle modification program on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2003; 29: 429–36.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  101. ↵
    van Montfrans G, Karemaker J, Wieling W, Dunning A. Relaxation therapy and continuous ambulatory blood pressure in mild hypertension: a controlled study. BMJ 1990; 300: 1368–72.
  102. ↵
    Patel C, Marmot MG, Terry DJ. Controlled trial of biofeedback-aided behavioural methods in reducing mild hypertension. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282: 2005–8.
  103. ↵
    Satyanarayana M, Rajeswari KR, Rani NJ, Krishna CS, Rao PV. Effect of Santhi Kriya on certain psychophysiological parameters: a preliminary study. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1992; 36: 88–92.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  104. ↵
    Telles S, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Desiraju T. Physiological changes in sports teachers following 3 months of training in Yoga. Indian J Med Sci 1993; 47: 235–8.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  105. ↵
    Raju PS, Prasad KV, Venkata RY, Murthy KJ, Reddy MV. Influence of intensive yoga training on physiological changes in 6 adult women: a case report. J Altern Complementary Med 1997; 3: 291–5.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  106. ↵
    Bera TK, Rajapurkar MV. Body composition, cardiovascular endurance and anaerobic power of yogic practitioner. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1993; 37: 225–8.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  107. ↵
    Murugesan R, Govindarajulu N, Bera T. Effect of selected yogic practices on the management of hypertension. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2000; 44: 207–10.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  108. ↵
    Tran MD, Holly RG, Lashbrook J, Amsterdam EA. Effects of Hatha Yoga practice on the health-related aspects of physical fitness. Prev Cardiol 2001; 4: 165–70.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  109. ↵
    Latha Kaliappan K. Yoga, pranayama, thermal biofeedback techniques in the management of stress and high blood pressure. J Indian Psychol 1991; 9: 36–46.
    OpenUrl
  110. ↵
    Schell F, Allolio B, Schonecke O. Physiological and psychological effects of Hatha-Yoga exercise in healthy women. Int J Psychosom 1994; 41: 46–52.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  111. ↵
    Konar D, Latha R, Bhuvaneswaran JS. Cardiovascular responses to head-down-body-up postural exercise (Sarvangasana). Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2000; 44: 392–400.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  112. ↵
    Gopal KS, Bhatnagar OP, Subramanian N, Nishith SD. Effect of yogasanas and pranayamas on blood pressure, pulse rate and some respiratory functions. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1973; 17: 273–6.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  113. ↵
    Raju PS, Madhavi S, Prasad KV, et al. Comparison of effects of yoga and physical exercise in athletes. Indian J Med Res 1994; 100: 81–6.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  114. ↵
    Bowman A, Clayton R, Murray A, Reed J, Subhan M, Ford G. Effects of aerobic exercise training and yoga on the baroreflex in healthy elderly persons. Eur J Clin Invest 1997; 27: 443–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  115. ↵
    Udupa K, Madanmohan, Bhavanani AB, Vijayalakshmi P, Krishnamurthy N. Effect of pranayam training on cardiac function in normal young volunteers. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2003; 47: 27–33.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  116. ↵
    Anantharaman R, Kabir R. A study of Yoga. J Psychol Res 1984; 28: 97–101.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  117. ↵
    Mogra A, Singh G. Effect of biofeedback and yogic relaxation exercise on the blood pressure levels of hypertensives: a preliminary study. Aviation Med 1986; 30: 68–75.
    OpenUrl
  118. ↵
    Lakshmikanthan C, Alagesan R, Thanikachalam S, et al. Long term effects of yoga on hypertension and/or coronary artery disease. J Assoc Physicians India 1979; 27: 1055–8.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  119. ↵
    Sundar S, Agrawal S, Singh V, Bhattacharya S, Udupa K, Vaish S. Role of yoga in management of essential hypertension. Acta Cardiol 1984; 39: 203–8.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  120. ↵
    Selvamurthy W, Sridharan K, Ray U, et al. A new physiological approach to control essential hypertension. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1998; 42: 205–13.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  121. ↵
    Patel C. 12-month follow-up of yoga and bio-feedback in the management of hypertension. Lancet 1975; 1: 62–4.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  122. ↵
    Patel C, Datey KK. Relaxation and biofeedback techniques in the management of hypertension. Angiology 1976; 27: 106–13.
  123. ↵
    Chaudhary AK, Bhatnagar HN, Bhatnagar LK, Chaudhary K. Comparative study of the effect of drugs and relaxation exercise (yoga shavasan) in hypertension. J Assoc Physicians India 1988; 36: 721–3.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  124. ↵
    Stone RA, DeLeo J. Psychotherapeutic control of hypertension. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 80–4.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  125. ↵
    Bagga OP, Gandhi A. A comparative study of the effect of Transcendental Meditation (T.M.) and Shavasana practice on cardiovascular system. Indian Heart J 1983; 35: 39–45.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  126. ↵
    Cusumano JA, Robinson SE. The short-term psychophysiological effects of hatha yoga and progressive relaxation on female Japanese students. Appl Psychol 1992; 42: 77–90.
    OpenUrl
  127. ↵
    Ray U, Mukhopadhyaya S, Purkayastha S, et al. Effect of yogic exercises on physical and mental health of young fellowship course trainees. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2001; 45: 37–53.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  128. ↵
    Harinath K, Malhotra AS, Pal K, et al. Effects of Hatha yoga and Omkar meditation on cardiorespiratory performance, psychologic profile, and melatonin secretion. J Altern Complementary Med 2004; 10: 261–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  129. ↵
    Patel C, Marmot M. Can general practitioners use training in relaxation and management of stress to reduce mild hypertension? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988; 296: 21–4.
  130. ↵
    Patel C, North WR. Randomised controlled trial of yoga and bio-feedback in management of hypertension. Lancet 1975; 2: 93–5.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  131. ↵
    Broota A, Varma R, Singh A. Role of relaxation in hypertension. J Indian Acad Appl Psychol 1995; 21: 29–36.
    OpenUrl
  132. ↵
    Dhalla N, Temsah R, Netticadan T. Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 655–73.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  133. Lee KU. Oxidative stress markers in Korean subjects with insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2001; 54(Suppl 2): S29–33.
    OpenUrl
  134. Kohler HP. Insulin resistance syndrome: interaction with coagulation and fibrinolysis. Swiss Medical Weekly 2002; 132: 241–52.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  135. ↵
    Maritim A, Sanders R, Watkins JB 3rd. Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: a review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2003; 17: 24–38.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  136. ↵
    Chohan IS, Nayar HS, Thomas P, Geetha NS. Influence of yoga on blood coagulation. Thromb Haemostasis 1984; 51: 196–7.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  137. ↵
    Bhattacharya S, Pandey U, Verma N. Improvement in oxidative status with yogic breathing in young healthy males. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 46: 349–54.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  138. ↵
    Sharma H, Sen S, Singh A, Bhardwaj NK, Kochupillai V, Singh N. Sudarshan Kriya practitioners exhibit better antioxidant status and lower blood lactate levels. Biol Psychol 2003; 63: 281–91.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  139. ↵
    Joshi L, Joshi V, Gokhale L. Effect of short term ‘Pranayam’ practice on breathing rate and ventilatory functions of lung. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1992; 36: 105–8.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  140. ↵
    Vempati R, Telles S. Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological responses to a two day stress management program. J Indian Psychol 2000; 18: 33–7.
  141. ↵
    Telles S, Narendran S, Raghuraj P, Nagarathna R, Nagendra H. Comparison of changes in autonomic and respiratory parameters of girls after yoga and games at a community home. Percept Mot Skills 1997; 84: 251–7.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  142. ↵
    Harte JL, Eifert GH, Smith R. The effects of running and meditation on beta-endorphin, corticotropin-releasing hormone and cortisol in plasma, and on mood. Biol Psychol 1995; 40: 251–65.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  143. ↵
    Vempati R, Telles S. Yoga-based guided relaxation reduces sympathetic activity judged from baseline levels. Psychol Rep 2002; 90: 487–94.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  144. ↵
    Bera TK, Gore MM, Oak JP. Recovery from stress in two different postures and in Shavasana–a yogic relaxation posture. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1998; 42: 473–8.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  145. ↵
    Telles S, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Autonomic changes during “OM” meditation. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1995; 39: 418–20.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  146. ↵
    Panjwani U, Gupta HL, Singh SH, Selvamurthy W, Rai UC. Effect of Sahaja yoga practice on stress management in patients of epilepsy. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1995; 39: 111–6.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  147. ↵
    Udupa KN, Singh RH, Dwivedi KN, Pandey HP, Rai V. Comparative biochemical studies on meditation. Indian J Med Res 1975; 63: 1676–9.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  148. ↵
    Nazzaro P, Triggiani R, Ciancio L, Scarano AM, Pirrelli AM. Insulin resistance in essential hypertension: a psychophysiological approach to the “chicken and egg” question. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2000; 10: 275–86.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  149. ↵
    Moan A, Nordby G, Rostrup M, Eide I, Kjeldsen SE. Insulin sensitivity, sympathetic activity, and cardiovascular reactivity in young men. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 268–75.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  150. ↵
    Mezzacappa ES, Kelsey RM, Katkin ES, Sloan RP. Vagal rebound and recovery from psychological stress. Psychosom Med 2001; 63: 650–7.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  151. ↵
    Khanam AA, Sachdeva U, Guleria R, Deepak KK. Study of pulmonary and autonomic functions of asthma patients after yoga training. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1996; 40: 318–24.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  152. ↵
    Patel C. Yoga and biofeedback in the management of ‘stress’ in hypertensive patients. Clin Sci Mol Med Suppl 1975; 2: 171s–4s.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  153. ↵
    Muralidhara DV, Ranganathan KV. Effect of yoga practice on Cardiac Recovery Index. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1982; 26: 279–83.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  154. ↵
    Buchman TG, Stein PK, Goldstein B. Heart rate variability in critical illness and critical care. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002; 8: 311–5.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  155. ↵
    Pumprla J, Howorka K, Groves D, Chester M, Nolan J. Functional assessment of heart rate variability: physiological basis and practical applications. Int J Cardiol 2002; 84: 1–14.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  156. ↵
    Miller AW, Sims JJ, Canavan A, Hsu T, Ujhelyi MR. Impaired vagal reflex activity in insulin-resistant rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999; 33: 698–702.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  157. ↵
    Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar B, Murthy P, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in dysthymic disorder. NIMHANS J 1998; 16: 21–8.
  158. ↵
    Carlson LE, Speca M, Patel KD, Goodey E. Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress and levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and melatonin in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29: 448–74.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  159. ↵
    Sahajpal P, Ralte R. Impact of induced yogic relaxation training (IYRT) on stress-level, self-concept and quality of sleep among minority group individuals. J Indian Psychol 2000; 18: 66–73.
  160. ↵
    Walia IJ, Mehra P, Grover P, Earnest C, Verma SK, Sanjeev. Health status of nurses and yoga. IV. Experiment and results. Nurs J India 1992; 83: 27–8.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  161. ↵
    Shannahoff-Khalsa DS, Ray LE, Levine S, Gallen CC, Schwartz BJ, Sidorowich JJ. Randomized controlled trial of yogic meditation techniques for patients with obsessive compulsive disorders. CNS Spectrums: Int J Neuropsychiat Med 1999; 4: 34–46.
    OpenUrl
  162. ↵
    Berger B, Owen D. Mood alteration with yoga and swimming: aerobic exercise may not be necessary. Percept Mot Skills 1992; 75: 1331–43.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  163. Ernst E, Rand J, Stevinson C. Complementary therapies for depression: an overview. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55: 1026–32.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  164. Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar B, Naga Venkatesha Murthy P, Harish M, Subbakrishna D, Vedamurthachar A. Antidepressant efficacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in melancholia: a randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and imipramine. J Affect Disord 2000; 57: 255–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  165. Jorm A, Christensen H, Griffiths K, Rodgers B. Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for depression. Med J Aust 2002; 176 Suppl: S84–96.
  166. ↵
    Platania-Solazzo A, Field T, Blank J, et al. Relaxation therapy reduces anxiety in child and adolescent psychiatric patients. Acta Paedopsychiatrica 1992; 55: 115–20.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  167. ↵
    Netz Y, Lidor R. Mood alterations in mindful versus aerobic exercise modes. J Psychol Res 2003; 137: 405–19.
    OpenUrl
  168. ↵
    Bhushan S, Sinha P. Yoganidra and management of anxiety and hostility. J Indian Psychol 2001; 19: 44–9.
    OpenUrl
  169. ↵
    Allen KS, Steinkohl RP. Yoga in a geriatric mental clinic. Act Adapt Aging 1987; 9: 61–8.
  170. ↵
    Joseph CD. Psychological supportive therapy for cancer patients. Indian J Cancer 1983; 20: 268–70.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  171. ↵
    Cohen L, Warneke C, Fouladi RT, Rodriguez MA, Chaoul-Reich A. Psychological adjustment and sleep quality in a randomized trial of the effects of a Tibetan yoga intervention in patients with lymphoma. Cancer 2004; 100: 2253–60.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  172. ↵
    Vickers A, Goyal N, Harland R, Rees R. Do certain countries produce only positive results? A systematic review of controlled trials. Control Clin Trials 1998; 19: 159–66.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice: 18 (6)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice
Vol. 18, Issue 6
November-December 2005
  • Table of Contents
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Board of Family Medicine.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Risk Indices Associated with the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, Cardiovascular Disease, and Possible Protection with Yoga: A Systematic Review
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Board of Family Medicine
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Board of Family Medicine web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
3 + 12 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
Risk Indices Associated with the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, Cardiovascular Disease, and Possible Protection with Yoga: A Systematic Review
Kim E. Innes, Cheryl Bourguignon, Ann Gill Taylor
The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice Nov 2005, 18 (6) 491-519; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.18.6.491

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Risk Indices Associated with the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, Cardiovascular Disease, and Possible Protection with Yoga: A Systematic Review
Kim E. Innes, Cheryl Bourguignon, Ann Gill Taylor
The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice Nov 2005, 18 (6) 491-519; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.18.6.491
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Methods
    • Results and Discussion
    • Summary and Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • Notes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • The mind-body problem: Circuits that link the cerebral cortex to the adrenal medulla
  • Motor, cognitive, and affective areas of the cerebral cortex influence the adrenal medulla
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Practical Recommendations for Minimizing Pain and Anxiety with IUD Insertion
  • A Simplified Approach to Evaluate and Manage Shoulder Pain
  • Treatment of Vasomotor Symptoms
Show more Evidence-Based Clinical Medicine

Similar Articles

Navigate

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Past Issues

Authors & Reviewers

  • Info For Authors
  • Info For Reviewers
  • Submit A Manuscript/Review

Other Services

  • Get Email Alerts
  • Classifieds
  • Reprints and Permissions

Other Resources

  • Forms
  • Contact Us
  • ABFM News

© 2025 American Board of Family Medicine

Powered by HighWire