Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Odds ratios between high pain catastrophizing/high opioid expectation and opioid related awareness and beliefs.
Tables
n (%) Total* Gender 108 Women 67 (62.04) Men 40 (37.04) Other 1 (0.93) Age 108 18 to 29 11 (10.19) 30 to 39 28 (25.93) 40 to 49 24 (22.22) 50 to 59 17 (15.74) 60 to 69 19 (17.59) 70 to 79 6 (5.56) ≥ 80 3 (2.78) Ethnicity 104 Hispanic 6 (5.77) Non-Hispanic 95 (91.35) Prefer not to answer 3 (2.88) Race 107 Black 9 (8.41) White 80 (74.77) Asian 7 (6.54) Native American 2 (1.87) Pacific Islander 0 Other 7 (6.54) Prefer not to answer 2 (1.87) Education 107 No High School 10 (9.35) Completed High School or General Educational Development 42 (39.25) Completed College 42 (39.25) Completed Graduate Degree 13 (12.15) ↵* Total number of patients may not equal 100% due to missing answers.
- Table 2.
Adjusted Odds of Opioid Epidemic Awareness Scores/Opioid Side effect and Risk Awareness Scores/Opioid and Pain-Control Belief Scores by Patient Characteristics (n = 107)
Patient Characteristics Opioid-Related Awareness and Beliefs Opioid Epidemic Awareness Score: 4 or above OR (95% CI) Opioid Side effect Awareness Score: 6 or above OR (95% CI) Opioid and Pain-Control Belief Scores: 3 or above OR (95% CI) Pain Catastrophizing Score 1 to 2 (ref)
≥ 30.26 (0.10–0.67) 0.38 (0.15–0.96) 2.40 (0.89–6.47) Opioid Rx Expectation* 0 to 2 scenarios (ref)
≥ 3 scenarios0.33 (0.12–0.88) 0.86 (0.33–2.20) 1.90 (0.78–6.08) Education Completed High School or lower (ref)
Completed College or higher1.66 (0.70–3.93) 1.39 (0.61–3.17) 0.46 (0.20–1.06) Age 18 to 39 (ref)
40 to 59
≥ 60
1.16 (0.41–3.26)
1.18 (0.39–3.58)
1.03 (0.39–2.75)
0.82 (0.29–2.34)
1.55 (0.56–4.22)
1.14 (0.39–3.31)Gender Men (ref)
Women0.97 (0.39–2.42) 2.14 (0.89–5.14) 1.67 (0.66–4.13) ↵* Patients expecting opioid prescriptions out of 4 different acute pain scenarios.
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Opioid Epidemic Issue Awareness N (%) Aware Increase in opioid addiction 80 (74.07) Increase in opioid overdoses 75 (69.44) Increase in opioid deaths 72 (66.67) Opioids are being over-prescribed 53 (49.07) Opioids are being under-prescribed 16 (14.81) Opioids are easily obtained on the street 52 (48.15) Other issues 17 (15.74) No answers marked/missing 18 (16.67) Median Score (min-max) 4 (0 to 7) - Appendix Table 2.
Distribution of Potential Opioid Side effects and Risks Awareness and Scores
Potential Opioid Side effects and Risks Awareness Yes
N (%)No
N (%)Not Sure
N (%)Addiction 64 (79.01) 15 (18.52) 2 (2.47) Legal Problems 47 (58.75) 26 (32.50) 7 (8.75) Increased use of illicit drugs 47 (58.02) 22 (27.16) 12 (14.81) Impaired Memory 43 (53.09) 20 (24.69) 18 (22.22) Personal or relationship problems 55 (67.90) 18 (22.22) 8 (9.88) Decreased in intelligence 32 (40.00) 26 (32.50) 22 (27.50) Decreased in energy 57 (70.37) 13 (16.05) 11 (13.58) New or worsening health problems 50 (61.73) 19 (23.46) 12 (14.81) Increase in stress, anxiety, or depression 56 (69.14) 17 (20.99) 8 (9.88) Disrupted sleep 49 (60.49) 21 (25.93) 11 (13.58) Other side effects 53 (68.83) 10 (12.99) 14 (18.18) Missing/Not answered 35 (32.41) Median score (min-max) 6 (0 to 11) Rate Your Level of agreement about the following. Please circle one word for each question. *† Strongly
Disagree +
Disagree
N (%)Agree +
Strongly Agree
N (%)Not Sure
N (%)a) I am afraid to use opioids because of their side effects. 52 (50.00) 40 (38.46) 12 (11.54) b) I believe opioid use is safe when used for short-term pain (up to several weeks). 14 (13.46) 70 (67.31) 20 (19.23) c) I believe opioid use is safe when used for long-term pain (duration over 3 months). 52(50.49) 24 (23.30) 27 (26.21) d) I could become addicted to opioids if I take them regularly. 15 (24.51) 58 (56.86) 19 (18.63) e) I could become dependent on opioids if I take them regularly. (I will have withdrawal symptoms if I try to stop the opioid.) 25 (24.27) 56 (54.37) 22 (21.36) f) I believe opioids are safe when prescribed by doctors or dentists. 34 (33.01) 47 (45.63) 22 (21.36) g) I believe opioid overdose is always on purpose. 70 (67.31) 15 (14.42) 19 (18.27) h) I believe all pain should be treated with opioids if non-opioids medications are not effective for short term pain (up to several weeks). 37 (35.58) 27 (25.96) 40 (38.46) i) I believe all pain should be treated with opioids if non-opioids medications are not effective for long term pain (duration over 3 months). 39 (37.50) 17 (16.35) 48 (46.15) j) I believe that doctors and dentists often do not treat pain adequately. 29 (27.88) 39 (37.53) 36 (34.62) k) I believe that doctors and dentists often do not provide enough pills when prescribing opioids. 59 (56.19) 17 (16.19) 29 (27.62) l) I believe that doctors and dentists should do a better job of thoroughly explaining opioid side effects before prescribing them. 13 (12.50) 67 (64.40) 24 (23.08) Median Score (min-max) 3 (0 to 11)
