A Simplified Approach to Evaluate and Manage Shoulder Pain

References

1. 1.↵
   1. Luime JJ,
   2. Koes BW,
   3. Hendriksen IJ,
   4. et al

   . Prevalence and incidence of shoulder pain in the general population; a systematic review. Scand J Rheumatol 2004;33:73–81.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
2. 2.↵
   1. Nho SJ,
   2. Strauss EJ,
   3. Lenart BA,
   4. et al

   . Long head of the biceps tendinopathy: diagnosis and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2010;18:645–56.

   OpenUrlPubMed
3. 3.↵
   1. Churgay CA

   . Diagnosis and treatment of biceps tendinitis and tendinosis. Am Fam Physician 2009;80:470–6.

   OpenUrlPubMed
4. 4.↵
   1. Varacallo M,
   2. El Bitar Y,
   3. Mair SD

   . Comprehensive shoulder evaluation strategies. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL). 2023.
5. 5.↵
   1. Cotter EJ,
   2. Hannon CP,
   3. Christian D,
   4. Frank RM,
   5. Bach BR Jr.

   . Comprehensive examination of the athlete's shoulder. Sports Health 2018;10:366–75.

   OpenUrlPubMed
6. 6.↵
   1. Bordachar D

   . Lateral epicondylalgia: a primary nervous system disorder. Med Hypotheses 2019;123:101–9.

   OpenUrlPubMed
7. 7.↵
   1. Fitzpatrick LA,
   2. Atinga A,
   3. White L,
   4. Henry PDG,
   5. Probyn L

   . Rotator cuff injury and repair. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2022;26:585–96.

   OpenUrlPubMed
8. 8.↵
   1. Dang A,
   2. Davies M

   . Rotator cuff disease: treatment options and considerations. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2018;26:129–33.

   OpenUrl
9. 9.↵
   1. Jain NB,
   2. Wilcox RB 3rd.,
   3. Katz JN,
   4. Higgins LD

   . Clinical examination of the rotator cuff. PM R 2013;5:45–56.

   OpenUrlPubMed
10. 10.↵
    1. Lewis J

    . Rotator cuff related shoulder pain: assessment, management and uncertainties. Man Ther 2016;23:57–68.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
11. 11.↵
    1. Kalia V,
    2. Freehill MT,
    3. Miller BS,
    4. Jacobson JA

    . Multimodality imaging review of normal appearance and complications of the postoperative rotator cuff. AJR Am J Roentgenol AJR Am J Roentgenol 2018;211:538–47.

    OpenUrlPubMed
12. 12.↵
    1. Greis AC,
    2. Derrington SM,
    3. McAuliffe M

    . Evaluation and nonsurgical management of rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy. Orthop Clin North Am 2015;46:293–302.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
13. 13.↵
    1. Plancher KD,
    2. Shanmugam J,
    3. Briggs K,
    4. Petterson SC

    . Diagnosis and management of partial thickness rotator cuff tears: a comprehensive review. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2021;29:1031–43.

    OpenUrlPubMed
14. 14.↵
    1. Kuhn JE,
    2. Dunn WR,
    3. Sanders R

    , MOON Shoulder Groupet al. Effectiveness of physical therapy in treating atraumatic full-thickness rotator cuff tears: a multicenter prospective cohort study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2013;22:1371–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. 15.↵
    1. Weber S,
    2. Chahal J

    . Management of rotator cuff injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2020;28:e193–e201.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
16. 16.↵
    1. Krey D,
    2. Borchers J,
    3. McCamey K

    . Tendon needling for treatment of tendinopathy: a systematic review. Phys Sportsmed 2015;43:80–6.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
17. 17.↵
    1. Wilk KE,
    2. Hooks TR

    . The painful long head of the biceps brachii: nonoperative treatment approaches. Clin Sports Med 2016;35:75–92.

    OpenUrlPubMed
18. 18.↵
    1. Chen RE,
    2. Voloshin I

    . Long head of biceps injury: treatment options and decision making. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2018;26:139–44.

    OpenUrl
19. 19.↵
    1. Holtby R,
    2. Razmjou H

    . Accuracy of the Speed's and Yergason's tests in detecting biceps pathology and SLAP lesions: comparison with arthroscopic findings. Arthroscopy 2004;20:231–6.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. 20.↵
    1. Dubrow SA,
    2. Streit JJ,
    3. Shishani Y,
    4. Robbin MR,
    5. Gobezie R

    . Diagnostic accuracy in detecting tears in the proximal biceps tendon using standard nonenhancing shoulder MRI. Open Access J Sports Med 2014;5:81–7.

    OpenUrlPubMed
21. 21.↵
    1. Courage O,
    2. van Rooij F,
    3. Saffarini M

    . Ultrasound is more reliable than clinical tests to both confirm and rule out pathologies of the long head of the biceps: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023;31:662–71.

    OpenUrlPubMed
22. 22.↵
    1. Al-Ani Z,
    2. Lauder J

    . Ultrasound assessment in distal biceps tendon injuries: techniques, pearls and pitfalls. Clin Imaging 2021;75:46–54.

    OpenUrlPubMed
23. 23.↵
    1. Messina C,
    2. Banfi G,
    3. Orlandi D,
    4. et al

    . Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures around the shoulder. Br J Radiol 2016;89:20150372.

    OpenUrlPubMed
24. 24.↵
    1. Willimon SC,
    2. Gaskill TR,
    3. Millett PJ

    . Acromioclavicular joint injuries: anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment. Phys Sportsmed 2011;39:116–22.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
25. 25.↵
    1. Krill MK,
    2. Rosas S,
    3. Kwon K,
    4. Dakkak A,
    5. Nwachukwu BU,
    6. McCormick F

    . A concise evidence-based physical examination for diagnosis of acromioclavicular joint pathology: a systematic review. Phys Sportsmed 2018;46:98–104.

    OpenUrlPubMed
26. 26.↵
    1. Boffano M,
    2. Mortera S,
    3. Wafa H,
    4. Piana R

    . The surgical treatment of acromioclavicular joint injuries. EFORT Open Rev 2017;2:432–7.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
27. 27.↵
    1. Alexeev M,
    2. Kercher JS,
    3. Levina Y,
    4. Duralde XA

    . Variability of glenoid labral tear patterns: a study of 280 sequential surgical cases. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2021;30:2762–6.

    OpenUrlPubMed
28. 28.↵
    1. Andrews JR,
    2. Carson WG Jr.,
    3. McLeod WD

    . Glenoid labrum tears related to the long head of the biceps. Am J Sports Med 1985;13:337–41.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
29. 29.↵
    1. Bedi A,
    2. Allen AA

    . Superior labral lesions anterior to posterior-evaluation and arthroscopic management. Clin Sports Med 2008;27:607–30.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
30. 30.↵
    1. Walton DM,
    2. Sadi J

    . Identifying SLAP lesions: a meta-analysis of clinical tests and exercise in clinical reasoning. Phys Ther Sport 2008;9:167–76.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
31. 31.↵
    1. Meserve BB,
    2. Cleland JA,
    3. Boucher TR

    . A meta-analysis examining clinical test utility for assessing superior labral anterior posterior lesions. Am J Sports Med 2009;37:2252–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
32. 32.↵
    1. Arirachakaran A,
    2. Boonard M,
    3. Chaijenkij K,
    4. Pituckanotai K,
    5. Prommahachai A,
    6. Kongtharvonskul J

    . A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test of MRA versus MRI for detection superior labrum anterior to posterior lesions type II-VII. Skeletal Radiol 2017;46:149–60.

    OpenUrlPubMed
33. 33.↵
    1. Jain NB,
    2. Luz J,
    3. Higgins LD,
    4. et al

    . The diagnostic accuracy of special tests for rotator cuff tear: the ROW Cohort Study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2017;96:176–83.

    OpenUrlPubMed
34. 34.↵
    1. Miniaci A,
    2. Mascia AT,
    3. Salonen DC,
    4. Becker EJ

    . Magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder in asymptomatic professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med 2002;30:66–73.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
35. 35.↵
    1. Mathew CJ,
    2. Lintner DM

    . Superior labral anterior to posterior tear management in athletes. Open Orthop J 2018;12:303–13.

    OpenUrlPubMed
36. 36.↵
    1. Schwartzberg R,
    2. Reuss BL,
    3. Burkhart BG,
    4. Butterfield M,
    5. Wu JY,
    6. McLean KW

    . High Prevalence of superior labral tears diagnosed by MRI in middle-aged patients with asymptomatic shoulders. Orthop J Sports Med 2016;4:2325967115623212.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
37. 37.↵
    1. Tupe RN,
    2. Tiwari V

    . Anteroinferior glenoid labrum lesion (Bankart lesion). In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL). 2023.
38. 38.↵
    1. Manske RC,
    2. Prohaska D

    . Diagnosis and management of adhesive capsulitis. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2008;1:180–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
39. 39.↵
    1. Date A,
    2. Rahman L

    . Frozen Shoulder: overview of clinical presentation and review of the current evidence base for management strategies. Future Sci OA 2020;6:FSO647.

    OpenUrl
40. 40.↵
    1. Sofka CM,
    2. Ciavarra GA,
    3. Hannafin JA,
    4. Cordasco FA,
    5. Potter HG

    . Magnetic resonance imaging of adhesive capsulitis: correlation with clinical staging. HSS J 2008;4:164–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
41. 41.↵
    1. Chen R,
    2. Jiang C,
    3. Huang G

    . Comparison of intra-articular and subacromial corticosteroid injection in frozen shoulder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Surg 2019;68:92–103.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
42. 42.↵
    1. Tveita EK,
    2. Tariq R,
    3. Sesseng S,
    4. Juel NG,
    5. Bautz-Holter E

    . Hydrodilatation, corticosteroids and adhesive capsulitis: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2008;9:53.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
43. 43.↵
    1. Uppal HS,
    2. Evans JP,
    3. Smith C

    . Frozen shoulder: a systematic review of therapeutic options. World J Orthop 2015;6:263–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
44. 44.↵
    1. Le HV,
    2. Lee SJ,
    3. Nazarian A,
    4. Rodriguez EK

    . Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: review of pathophysiology and current clinical treatments. Shoulder Elbow 2017;9:75–84.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
45. 45.↵
    1. Ibounig T,
    2. Simons T,
    3. Launonen A,
    4. Paavola M

    . Glenohumeral osteoarthritis: an overview of etiology and diagnostics. Scand J Surg 2021;110:441–51.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
46. 46.↵
    1. Ansok CB,
    2. Muh SJ

    . Optimal management of glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Orthop Res Rev 2018;10:9–18.

    OpenUrlPubMed
47. 47.↵
    1. Khazzam MS,
    2. Pearl ML

    . AAOS clinical practice guideline: management of glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2020;28:790–4.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
48. 48.↵
    1. Macias-Hernandez SI,
    2. Morones-Alba JD,
    3. Miranda-Duarte A,
    4. et al

    . Glenohumeral osteoarthritis: overview, therapy, and rehabilitation. Disabil Rehabil 2017;39:1674–82.

    OpenUrlPubMed
49. 49.↵
    1. Lee SH,
    2. Choi HH,
    3. Lee DG

    . Effectiveness of new nerve blocks method on the articular branches of the suprascapular and subscapular nerves to treat shoulder pain. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020;99:e22050.

    OpenUrlPubMed
50. 50.↵
    1. Patel M,
    2. Amini MH

    . Management of acute rotator cuff tears. Orthop Clin North Am 2022;53:69–76.

    OpenUrlPubMed
51. 51.↵
    1. Petersen SA,
    2. Murphy TP

    . The timing of rotator cuff repair for the restoration of function. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2011;20:62–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
52. 52.↵
    1. Ferrante MA,
    2. Ferrante ND

    . The thoracic outlet syndromes: part 2. The arterial, venous, neurovascular, and disputed thoracic outlet syndromes. Muscle Nerve 2017;56:663–73.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
53. 53.↵
    1. Sanders RJ,
    2. Hammond SL,
    3. Rao NM

    . Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome. J Vasc Surg 2007;46:601–4.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
54. 54.↵
    1. Jones MR,
    2. Prabhakar A,
    3. Viswanath O,
    4. et al

    . Thoracic outlet syndrome: a comprehensive review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Pain Ther 2019;8:5–18.

    OpenUrlPubMed
55. 55.↵
    1. Kuhn JE,
    2. Lebus VG,
    3. Bible JE

    . Thoracic outlet syndrome. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2015;23:222–32.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
56. 56.↵
    1. Al Khalili Y,
    2. Jain S,
    3. Lam JC,
    4. DeCastro A

    . Brachial neuritis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL). 2023.
57. 57.↵
    1. Gonzalez-Alegre P,
    2. Recober A,
    3. Kelkar P

    . Idiopathic brachial neuritis. Iowa Orthop J 2002;22:81–5.

    OpenUrlPubMed
58. 58.↵
    1. van Alfen N,
    2. van Engelen BG

    . The clinical spectrum of neuralgic amyotrophy in 246 cases. Brain 2006;129:438–50.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
59. 59.↵
    1. Rios CG,
    2. Mazzocca AD

    . Acromioclavicular joint problems in athletes and new methods of management. Clin Sports Med 2008;27:763–88.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
60. 60.↵
    1. Schwarzkopf R,
    2. Ishak C,
    3. Elman M,
    4. Gelber J,
    5. Strauss DN,
    6. Jazrawi LM

    . Distal clavicular osteolysis: a review of the literature. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis 2008;66:94–101.

    OpenUrlPubMed
61. 61.
    1. Hegedus EJ,
    2. Goode AP,
    3. Cook CE,
    4. et al

    . Which physical examination tests provide clinicians with the most value when examining the shoulder? Update of a systematic review with meta-analysis of individual tests. Br J Sports Med 2012;46(14):964–978.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
62. 62.
    1. Park HB,
    2. Yokota A,
    3. Gill HS,
    4. El Rassi G,
    5. McFarland EG

    . Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87(7):1446–1455.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
63. 63.
    1. Gismervik SO,
    2. Drogset JO,
    3. Granviken F,
    4. Ro M,
    5. Leivseth G

    . Physical examination tests of the shoulder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017;18(1):41.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
64. 64.
    1. Kappe T,
    2. Sgroi M,
    3. Reichel H,
    4. Daexle M

    . Diagnostic performance of clinical tests for subscapularis tendon tears. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018;26(1):176–181.

    OpenUrlPubMed