Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Study sample.
Tables
Characteristics n (%) Not Screened (n = 638) Screened (n = 2,805) Overall (n = 3,443) P-valuea Age 50 to 64 474 (74.3) 1,624 (57.9) 2,098 (60.9) <0.001 65 to 74 164 (25.7) 1,181 (42.1) 1,345 (39.1) Gender Woman 370 (58.0) 1,603 (57.1) 1,973 (57.3) 0.927 Man 268 (42.0) 1,202 (42.9) 1,470 (42.7) Insurance type Commercialb 395 (61.9) 1,478 (52.7) 1,873 (54.4) <0.001 Individual 80 (12.5) 2,16 (7.7) 296 (8.6) Medicare 139 (21.8) 1,030 (36.7) 1,169 (34.0) Medicaid/Dual 24 (3.8) 81 (2.9) 105 (3.0) Primary spoken language English 489 (76.6) 2,365 (84.3) 2,854 (82.9) <0.001 Non-English 30 (4.7) 142 (5.1) 172 (5.0) Missing/Unknown 119 (18.7) 298 (10.6) 417 (12.1) Race White 424 (66.5) 1,738 (62) 2,162 (62.8) 0.366 Otherb 28 (4.4) 91 (3.2) 119 (3.5) African American 65 (10.2) 332 (11.8) 397 (11.5) Asian 59 (9.2) 326 (11.6) 385 (11.2) Hispanic 62 (9.7) 318 (11.3) 380 (11.0) Neighborhood deprivation index 1 (Least Deprivation) 85 (13.3) 418 (14.9) 503 (14.6) 0.853 2 126 (19.7) 612 (21.8) 738 (21.5) 3 164 (25.7) 647 (23.1) 811 (23.6) 4 152 (23.8) 679 (24.2) 831 (24.2) 5 (Most Deprivation) 110 (17.2) 447 (15.9) 557 (16.2) Diagnostic cost groupc Very Low <0.25 109 (17.1) 173 (6.2) 282 (8.2) <0.001 Low 0.25-0.7 136 (21.3) 434 (15.5) 570 (16.6) Moderate 0.7-0.1.3 131 (20.5) 616 (22) 747 (21.7) High 1.3-3 120 (18.8) 816 (29.1) 936 (27.2) Very High >3 142 (22.3) 766 (27.3) 908 (26.4) Missing: Insurance type n = 62 (1.8%), Primary spoken language n = 417 (12%), Race n = 8 (0.2%), Neighborhood deprivation index n = 3 (0.09%).
↵aBoldface indicates statistical significance (P < .05) [χ2 test comparing screened to not screened].
↵bInsurance Type Commercial and Race Other categories include missing values.
↵cDiagnostic Cost Group is a measure of how much a patient is expected to cost a healthcare system; it is used as a proxy for disease burden, with lower levels indicating healthier individuals.
Social Need (%) Not Screened (n = 638) Screened (n = 2,805) Overall (n = 3,443) P-valuea Any need 400 (62.7) 1,489 (53.1) 1,889 (54.9) <0.001 Any severe need 219 (34.3) 668 (23.8) 887 (25.8) <0.001 Any financial strain 285 (45.1) 967 (34.7) 1,252 (36.7) <0.001 Severe financial strain 114 (18.1) 325 (11.7) 439 (12.9) <0.001 Any social isolation 229 (36.1) 843 (30.1) 1,072 (31.2) 0.013 Severe social isolation 91 (14.4) 286 (10.2) 377 (11) 0.011 Any transportation issues 40 (6.3) 96 (3.4) 136 (4) 0.004 Severe transportation issues 611 (96.5) 2,747 (98.5) 3,358 (98.2) 0.003 Any food insecurity 180 (28.4) 578 (20.7) 758 (22.1) 0.001 Severe food insecurity 43 (6.8) 107 (3.8) 150 (4.4) 0.005 Any housing instability 98 (15.5) 294 (10.6) 392 (11.5) 0.002 Severe housing instability 79 (12.5) 233 (8.4) 312 (9.1) 0.005 Missing: Any financial strain n = 27 (0.8%), Severe financial strain n = 30 (0.9%), Any social isolation n = 9 (0.3%), Severe social isolation strain n = 9 (0.3%), Any transportation issues n = 20 (0.6%), Severe transportation issues n = 22 (0.6%), Any food insecurity n = 19 (0.6%), Severe food insecurity n = 24 (0.7%), Any housing instability n = 30 (0.9%), Severe housing instability n = 31 (0.9%).
↵aChi-squared test comparing screened to not screened.
- Table 3.
Multivariable Analysis of the Association Between Social Needs and Uptake of Colorectal Cancer Screening
Adjusted Odds Ratioa 95% CI Severe financial strain 2.1 3.4 1.3 Severe social isolation 1.9 3.2 1.2 Severe food insecurity 2.5 5.3 1.2 Severe housing instability 1.7 3.0 0.9 Severe transportation issues 3.0 10.0 0.9 Any severe need 2.3 3.3 1.5 ↵aColon Cancer Screening (No) odds ratios were adjusted for Age, Neighborhood Deprivation Index, Gender, Diagnostic Cost Group (DxCG) Risk Score, Race/Ethnicity, Spoken Language and Insurance Type in the multivariable analysis. Each social need had its own model which included all demographic variables. Sampling weights were also included to correct for non-response and oversampling by design and to make the survey sample representative of national Kaiser Permanente membership.
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
