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Research ArticleOriginal Research

Associations Between Patient/Caregiver Trust in Clinicians and Experiences of Healthcare-Based Discrimination

Arshdeep Kaur, Laura M. Gottlieb, Stephanie Ettinger de Cuba, Elena Byhoff, Eric W. Fleegler, Alicia J. Cohen, Nathaniel J. Glasser, Mark J. Ommerborn, Cheryl R. Clark and Emilia H. De Marchis
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine July 2024, 37 (4) 607-636; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2023.230182R1
Arshdeep Kaur
From the California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA (AK); Social Interventions Research and Evaluation Network, Center for Health and Community, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG); Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG, EHDM); Children’s HealthWatch, Boston, MA (SEDC); School of Public Health & Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (SEDC); Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, North Worcester, MA (EB); Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA (EWF); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (EWF); Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI (AJC); Department of Family Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (AJC); Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health (AJC); Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (NJG); Center for Community Health and Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (MJO); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (CRC).
MSPH
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Laura M. Gottlieb
From the California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA (AK); Social Interventions Research and Evaluation Network, Center for Health and Community, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG); Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG, EHDM); Children’s HealthWatch, Boston, MA (SEDC); School of Public Health & Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (SEDC); Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, North Worcester, MA (EB); Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA (EWF); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (EWF); Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI (AJC); Department of Family Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (AJC); Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health (AJC); Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (NJG); Center for Community Health and Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (MJO); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (CRC).
MD, MPH
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Stephanie Ettinger de Cuba
From the California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA (AK); Social Interventions Research and Evaluation Network, Center for Health and Community, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG); Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG, EHDM); Children’s HealthWatch, Boston, MA (SEDC); School of Public Health & Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (SEDC); Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, North Worcester, MA (EB); Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA (EWF); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (EWF); Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI (AJC); Department of Family Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (AJC); Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health (AJC); Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (NJG); Center for Community Health and Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (MJO); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (CRC).
PhD, MPH
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Elena Byhoff
From the California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA (AK); Social Interventions Research and Evaluation Network, Center for Health and Community, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG); Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG, EHDM); Children’s HealthWatch, Boston, MA (SEDC); School of Public Health & Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (SEDC); Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, North Worcester, MA (EB); Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA (EWF); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (EWF); Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI (AJC); Department of Family Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (AJC); Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health (AJC); Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (NJG); Center for Community Health and Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (MJO); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (CRC).
MD, MSc
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Eric W. Fleegler
From the California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA (AK); Social Interventions Research and Evaluation Network, Center for Health and Community, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG); Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG, EHDM); Children’s HealthWatch, Boston, MA (SEDC); School of Public Health & Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (SEDC); Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, North Worcester, MA (EB); Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA (EWF); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (EWF); Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI (AJC); Department of Family Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (AJC); Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health (AJC); Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (NJG); Center for Community Health and Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (MJO); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (CRC).
MD, MPH
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Alicia J. Cohen
From the California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA (AK); Social Interventions Research and Evaluation Network, Center for Health and Community, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG); Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG, EHDM); Children’s HealthWatch, Boston, MA (SEDC); School of Public Health & Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (SEDC); Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, North Worcester, MA (EB); Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA (EWF); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (EWF); Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI (AJC); Department of Family Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (AJC); Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health (AJC); Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (NJG); Center for Community Health and Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (MJO); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (CRC).
MD, MSc
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Nathaniel J. Glasser
From the California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA (AK); Social Interventions Research and Evaluation Network, Center for Health and Community, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG); Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG, EHDM); Children’s HealthWatch, Boston, MA (SEDC); School of Public Health & Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (SEDC); Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, North Worcester, MA (EB); Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA (EWF); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (EWF); Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI (AJC); Department of Family Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (AJC); Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health (AJC); Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (NJG); Center for Community Health and Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (MJO); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (CRC).
MD, MPP
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Mark J. Ommerborn
From the California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA (AK); Social Interventions Research and Evaluation Network, Center for Health and Community, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG); Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG, EHDM); Children’s HealthWatch, Boston, MA (SEDC); School of Public Health & Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (SEDC); Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, North Worcester, MA (EB); Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA (EWF); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (EWF); Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI (AJC); Department of Family Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (AJC); Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health (AJC); Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (NJG); Center for Community Health and Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (MJO); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (CRC).
MPH
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Cheryl R. Clark
From the California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA (AK); Social Interventions Research and Evaluation Network, Center for Health and Community, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG); Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG, EHDM); Children’s HealthWatch, Boston, MA (SEDC); School of Public Health & Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (SEDC); Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, North Worcester, MA (EB); Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA (EWF); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (EWF); Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI (AJC); Department of Family Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (AJC); Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health (AJC); Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (NJG); Center for Community Health and Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (MJO); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (CRC).
MD, ScD
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Emilia H. De Marchis
From the California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA (AK); Social Interventions Research and Evaluation Network, Center for Health and Community, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG); Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (LMG, EHDM); Children’s HealthWatch, Boston, MA (SEDC); School of Public Health & Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (SEDC); Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, North Worcester, MA (EB); Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA (EWF); Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (EWF); Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI (AJC); Department of Family Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University (AJC); Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health (AJC); Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (NJG); Center for Community Health and Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (MJO); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA (CRC).
MD, MAS
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The Journal of the American Board of Family     Medicine: 37 (4)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 37, Issue 4
July-August 2024
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Associations Between Patient/Caregiver Trust in Clinicians and Experiences of Healthcare-Based Discrimination
Arshdeep Kaur, Laura M. Gottlieb, Stephanie Ettinger de Cuba, Elena Byhoff, Eric W. Fleegler, Alicia J. Cohen, Nathaniel J. Glasser, Mark J. Ommerborn, Cheryl R. Clark, Emilia H. De Marchis
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Jul 2024, 37 (4) 607-636; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2023.230182R1

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Associations Between Patient/Caregiver Trust in Clinicians and Experiences of Healthcare-Based Discrimination
Arshdeep Kaur, Laura M. Gottlieb, Stephanie Ettinger de Cuba, Elena Byhoff, Eric W. Fleegler, Alicia J. Cohen, Nathaniel J. Glasser, Mark J. Ommerborn, Cheryl R. Clark, Emilia H. De Marchis
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Jul 2024, 37 (4) 607-636; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2023.230182R1
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