Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Comparison of income by gender, 2017–2020.
- Figure 2.
Average income and gender representation by principal professional activity, 2017–2020.
- Figure 3.
Average income and gender representation by US region, 2017–2020.
Tables
- Table 1.
Characteristics of Early-Career Family Physicians by Gender: National Graduate Survey 2017–2020
Full Sample % (N) Female % (N) Male % (N) P value Overall 100.00% (7461) 55.88% (4169) 44.12% (3292) Personal Characteristics Degree type 0.394 M.D. 80% (5998) 80.04% (3337) 80.83% (2661) D.O. 19.61% (1463) 19.96% (832) 19.17% (631) Race 0.001 Asian 21.12% (1576) 21.76% (907) 20.32% (669) Black or African American 7.28% (543) 8.95% (373) 5.16% (170) White 68.49% (5110) 66.01% (2752) 71.63% (2358) Other 3.11% (232) 3.29% (137) 2.89% (95) Ethnicity 0.255 Non-Hispanic or Latino 91.54% (6830) 91.87% (3830) 91.13% (3000) Hispanic or Latino 8.46% (631) 8.13% (339) 8.87% (292) Professional Activity and Practice Setting Principal professional activity 0.001 Continuity Care 81.41% (6074) 85.30% (3556) 76.49% (2518) Emergency Medicine 2.91% (217) 1.39% (58) 4.83% (159) Geriatrics 0.27% (20) 0.31% (13) 0.21% (7) Hospitalist 8.75% (653) 6.55% (273) 11.54% (380) Palliative Care 0.68% (51) 0.77% (32) 0.58% (19) Sports Medicine 0.70% (52) 0.31% (13) 1.18% (39) Urgent Care 4.26% (318) 4.25% (177) 4.28% (141) Other 1.02% (76) 1.13% (47) 0.88% (29) Mean Total Hours Worked per Week (Std. Err.) 53.82 (0.22) 52.54 (0.28) 55.44 (0.33) 0.001 Population density 0.001 Urban 84.24% (6285) 86.23% (3595) 81.71% (2690) Rural 15.76% (1176) 13.77% (574) 18.29% (602) Region 0.001 Midwest 23.78% (1774) 23.41% (976) 24.24% (798) Northeast 13.46% (1004) 14.61% (609) 12.00% (395) South 34.26% (2556) 32.45% (1353) 36.54% (1203) West 28.51% (2127) 29.53% (1231) 27.22% (896) % Time in Care Modality(Std. Err.) Direct Patient Care 68.29% (0.002) 67.09% (0.003) 69.82% (0.004) 0.001 Administrative Activities 3.42% (0.001) 3.54% (0.001) 3.25% (0.001) 0.102 Telephone Patient Care 16.76% (0.002) 17.39% (0.002) 15.96% (0.002) 0.001 E-visits 3.29% (0.001) 3.53% (0.001) 2.98% (0.001) 0.001 Teaching/Precepting 6.55% (0.001) 6.77% (0.002) 6.27% (0.002) 0.063 Other 1.70% (0.001) 1.68% (0.001) 1.72% (0.001) 0.763 Note: Data collected by the ABFM from board-certified Diplomates three years after completing residency. Total percentage may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
Full Sample Female ($) Male ($) Diff. ($) 95% Confidence Interval around Diff ($) Overall $225,278 $206,059 $249,625 −$43,566 $40,026 $47,106 Hourly income* $87.30 $81.47 $94.68 −$13.21 $10.44 $15.99 Degree type M.D. $226,441 $205,643 $252,536 −$46,892 $42,963 $50,822 D.O. $220,512 $207,725 $237,365 −$29,639 $21,523 $37,755 Principal professional activity Continuity Care $214,920 $200,936 $234,662 −$33,726 $30,271 $37,180 Emergency Medicine $371,424 $322,648 $389,106 −$66,457 $24,266 $108,648 Geriatrics $194,995 $189,774 $204,691 −$14,916 −$27,254 $57,087 Hospitalist $281,725 $255,916 $300,335 −$44,419 $32,458 $56,379 Palliative Care $209,951 $200,094 $227,073 −$26,979 −$8291 $62,249 Sports Medicine $225,303 $217,801 $227,804 −$10,003 −$33,101 $53,107 Urgent Care $223,388 $205,341 $246,299 −$40,958 $25,070 $56,847 Other $174,623 $167,313 $186,470 −$19,157 −$16,355 $54,669 Population density Urban $220,242 $202,618 $243,797 −$41,179 $37,449 $44,909 Rural $252,188 $227,587 $275,685 −$48,098 $38,106 $58,090 Region Midwest $232,006 $212,138 $256,276 −$44,138 $37,187 $51,089 Northeast $205,612 $192,530 $225,849 −$33,319 $25,621 $41,016 South $231,988 $207,950 $259,021 −$51,071 $44,187 $57,954 West $220,895 $205,874 $241,550 −$35,676 $29,572 $41,780 Race Asian $222,832 $203,299 $249,343 −$46,044 $39,004 $53,084 Black or African American $223,364 $208,208 $256,705 −$48,497 $35,013 $61,980 White $226,270 $206,352 $249,512 −$43,160 $38,738 $47,582 Other $224,520 $212,583 $241,734 −$29,151 $12,338 $45,963 Ethnicity Non-Hispanic or Latino $225,342 $205,944 $250,115 −$44,171 $40,474 $47,867 Hispanic or Latino $224,584 $207,355 $244,587 −$37,232 $24,891 $49,573 Note: Data collected by the ABFM from board-certified Diplomates three years after completing residency. Incomes have been adjusted for inflation using the CPI-U to reflect their value in 2020 dollars. Total percentage may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
↵*Female respondents reported working 2.9 fewer hours per week. Hourly income was calculated by dividing annual income by annual hours worked (weekly reported hours multiplied by 52).
- Table 3.
Adjusted Associations between Personal and Practice Characteristics with Income for Direct Patient Care Early-Career Family Physicians 2017–2020
Independent Variable Income Coef./(Std. Err.) P value Gender: Female −$31,804 (1978) 0.001 Ref: Male Weekly Hours Worked $620 (46) 0.001 Degree Type: D.O. −$1,603 (2080) 0.441 Ref: M.D. Principal Professional Activity Ref: Continuity Care Emergency Medicine $131,318 (4920) 0.001 Geriatrics −$12,784 (15,633) 0.414 Hospitalist $50,072 (3039) 0.001 Palliative Care $4,099 (9798) 0.676 Sports Medicine $3,346 (9740) 0.731 Urgent Care $8,798 (4074) 0.031 Other −$21,917 (8141) 0.007 Population Density: Rural $21,210 (2293) 0.001 Ref: Urban Region Ref: West Midwest $4,226 (2285) 0.064 Northeast −$14,177 (2686) 0.001 South −$2,120 (2097) 0.312 Race Ref: White Asian −$830 (3122) 0.790 Black or African American −$5,189 (5581) 0.353 Other −$3,898 (7346) 0.596 Interaction Female*Black or African American $3,221 (6750) 0.633 Female*Asian −$2,944 (4058) 0.468 Female*Other $6,016 (9516) 0.596 Ethnicity: Hispanic or Latino $256 (3005) 0.932 Ref: Not Hispanic or Latino % of Time in Care Modality Ref: Direct patient care Administrative activities −$57,182 (11,105) 0.001 Telephone patient care −$32,651 (6349) 0.001 E-visits −$38,295 (14,942) 0.010 Teaching/precepting −$41,140 (7131) 0.001 Other −$97,562 (13,624) 0.001 R2 0.2489 Note: Data collected by the ABFM from board-certified Diplomates three years after completing residency. Incomes have been adjusted for inflation using the CPI-U to reflect their value in 2020 dollars.
