Medical-Legal Partnership Effects on Mental Health, Health Care Use, and Quality of Life in Primary Care: A Randomized Clinical Trial

References

1. 1.↵
   WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, eds. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health: Commission on Social Determinants of Health final report. World Health Organization, Commission on Social Determinants of Health; 2008.
2. 2.↵
   1. Link BG,
   2. Phelan J

   . Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J Health Soc Behav 1995;35:80.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. 3.↵
   1. Berkman LF,
   2. Kawachi I

   . Social epidemiology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2000.
4. 4.↵
   1. Woolf S,
   2. Johnson R,
   3. Phillips R,
   4. Philipsen M

   . Giving everyone the health of the educated: an examination of whether social change would save more lives than medical advances. Am J Public Health 2007;97:679–83.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. 5.↵
   Zimmerman E, Woolf SH [Internet]. Understanding the relationship between education and health. National Academy of Medicine; 2014 [accessed 2017 Mar 10]. Available from: https://apha.confex.com/apha/142am/webprogram/Handout/Paper315693/Final%20BPH-UnderstandingTheRelationship.pdf.
6. 6.↵
   1. Woolf SH,
   2. Jones RM,
   3. Johnson RE,
   4. et al

   . Avertable deaths associated with household income in Virginia. Am J Public Health 2010;100:750–5.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
7. 7.↵
   1. McGinnis JM,
   2. Foege WH

   . Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA 1993;270:2207–12.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
8. 8.↵
   Committee on Integrating Primary Care and Public Health; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Institute of Medicine. Primary care and public health: exploring integration to improve population health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2012.
9. 9.↵
   National Academy of Medicine. Integrating social care into the delivery of health care: moving upstream to improve the nation’s health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2019.
10. 10.
    Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation [Internet]. Driving health system transformation—a strategy for the CMS Innovation Center’s second decade; 2021 [accessed 2021 Dec 9]. Available from: tps://innovation.cms.gov/strategic-direction-whitepaper.
11. 11.↵
    1. Gottlieb L,
    2. Colvin JD,
    3. Fleegler E,
    4. Hessler D,
    5. Garg A,
    6. Adler N

    . Evaluating the accountable health communities demonstration project. J Gen Intern Med 2017;32:345–9.

    OpenUrl
12. 12.↵
    1. Martinez O,
    2. Boles J,
    3. Muñoz-Laboy M,
    4. et al

    . Bridging health disparity gaps through the use of medical legal partnerships in patient care: a systematic review. J Law Med Ethics 2017;45:260–73.

    OpenUrl
13. 13.↵
    Legal Services Corporation [Internet]. The justice gap: measuring the unmet civil legal needs of low-income Americans; 2017 [accessed 2017 Sept 21]. Available from: https://www.lsc.gov/sites/default/files/images/TheJusticeGap-FullReport.pdf.
14. 14.↵
    1. Klein MD,
    2. Beck AF,
    3. Henize AW,
    4. Parrish DS,
    5. Fink EE,
    6. Kahn RS

    . Doctors and lawyers collaborating to help children: outcomes from a successful partnership between professions. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2013;24:1063–73.

    OpenUrl
15. 15.↵
    1. Rosen Valverde JN,
    2. Backstrand J,
    3. Hills L,
    4. Tanuos H

    . Medical-legal partnership impact on parents’ perceived stress: a pilot study. Behav Med 2019;45:70–7.

    OpenUrlPubMed
16. 16.↵
    1. Ryan AM,
    2. Kutob RM,
    3. Suther E,
    4. Hansen M,
    5. Sandel M

    . Pilot study of impact of medical-legal partnership services on patients’ perceived stress and wellbeing. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2012;23:1536–46.

    OpenUrlPubMed
17. 17.↵
    1. Malik FS,
    2. Yi-Frazier JP,
    3. Taplin CE,
    4. et al

    . Improving the care of youth with type 1 diabetes with a novel medical-legal community intervention: the Diabetes Community Care Ambassador Program. Diabetes Educ 2018;44:168–77.

    OpenUrl
18. 18.↵
    Murphy C [Internet]. Making the case for medical-legal partnerships: an updated review of the evidence, 2013-2020; 2020 [accessed 2021 Dec 9]. Available from: https://medical-legalpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/MLP-Literature-Review-2013-2020.pdf.
19. 19.↵
    1. Sege R,
    2. Preer G,
    3. Morton SJ,
    4. et al

    . Medical-legal strategies to improve infant health care: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2015;136:97–106.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
20. 20.↵
    Lawton E [Internet]. A history of the medical-legal partnership movement; 2014 [accessed 2021 Dec 9]. Available from: https://medical-legalpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/NACHC-Magazine-A-History-of-the-Medical-Legal-Partnership-Movement.pdf.
21. 21.↵
    National Center for Medical Legal Partnership [Internet]. Medical-legal partnerships across the U.S.; 2021 [accessed 2021 Dec 10]. Available from: https://medical-legalpartnership.org/partnerships/.
22. 22.↵
    1. Nordin M,
    2. Nordin S

    . Psychometric evaluation and normative data of the Swedish version of the 10-item perceived stress scale. Scand J Psychol 2013;54:502–7.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
23. 23.↵
    1. Lee EH

    . Review of the psychometric evidence of the Perceived Stress Scale. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) 2012;6:121–7.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
24. 24.↵
    1. Cohen S,
    2. Janicki-Deverts D

    . Who’s stressed? Distributions of psychological stress in the United States in probability samples from 1983, 2006, and 2009. J Appl Soc Psychol 2012;42:1320–34.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
25. 25.↵
    1. Radloff LS

    . The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1:385–401.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
26. 26.↵
    1. Weissman MM,
    2. Sholomskas D,
    3. Pottenger M,
    4. Prusoff BA,
    5. Locke BZ

    . Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: a validation study. Am J Epidemiol 1977;106:203–14.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
27. 27.↵
    1. Cosco TD,
    2. Prina M,
    3. Stubbs B,
    4. Wu YT

    . Reliability and validity of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale in a population-based cohort of middle-aged U.S. adults. J Nurs Meas 2017;25:476–85.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
28. 28.↵
    1. Spitzer RL,
    2. Kroenke K,
    3. Williams JBW,
    4. Löwe B

    . A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1092–7.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
29. 29.↵
    1. Bevans M,
    2. Ross A,
    3. Cella D

    . Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS): efficient, standardized tools to measure self-reported health and quality of life. Nurs Outlook 2014;62:339–45.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
30. 30.↵
    HealthMeasures [Internet]. HealthMeasures Scoring Service powered by Assessment Center; 2021 [accessed 2021 Mar 29]. Available from: https://www.assessmentcenter.net/ac_scoringservice.
31. 31.↵
    HealthMeasures [Internet]. PROMIS score cut points; 2021 [accessed 2021 Mar 29]. Available from: https://www.healthmeasures.net/score-and-interpret/interpret-scores/promis/promis-score-cut-points.
32. 32.↵
    1. Bartlett SJ,
    2. Orbai AM,
    3. Duncan T,
    4. et al

    . Reliability and validity of selected PROMIS measures in people with rheumatoid arthritis. PLOS ONE 2015;10:e0138543.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
33. 33.↵
    National Center for Medical-Legal Partnership [Internet]. National Center for Medical-Legal Partnership; 2018 [accessed 2018 Feb 8]. Available from: http://medical-legalpartnership.org/.
34. 34.↵
    1. Pettignano R,
    2. Bliss LR,
    3. Caley SB,
    4. McLaren S

    . Can access to a medical-legal partnership benefit patients with asthma who live in an urban community? Health Care Poor Underserved 2013;24:706–17.

    OpenUrl
35. 35.↵
    1. Billioux A,
    2. Verlander K,
    3. Anthony S,
    4. Alley D

    . Standardized screening for health-related social needs in clinical settings. Accountable Health Communities Screen Tool Discuss Paper; 2017.
36. 36.↵
    1. Hager ER,
    2. Quigg AM,
    3. Black MM,
    4. et al

    . Development and validity of a 2-item screen to identify families at risk for food insecurity. Pediatrics 2010;126:e26–e32.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
37. 37.↵
    National Association of Community Health Centers [Internet]. Protocol for responding to and assessing patients’ assets, risks, and experiences; 2017 [accessed 2017 Oct 1]. Available from: http://www.nachc.org/research-and-data/prapare/.
38. 38.↵
    National Center for Access to Justice [Internet]. Tracking outcomes: a guide for civil legal aid providers & funders; 2018. Available from: https://ncaj.org/tools-for-justice/outcomes-guide.
39. 39.↵
    1. Ebert DD,
    2. Heber E,
    3. Berking M,
    4. et al

    . Self-guided Internet-based and mobile-based stress management for employees: results of a randomised controlled trial. Occup Environ Med 2016;73:315–23.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
40. 40.↵
    1. Woolhouse H,
    2. Mercuri K,
    3. Judd F,
    4. Brown SJ

    . Antenatal mindfulness intervention to reduce depression, anxiety and stress: a pilot randomised controlled trial of the MindBabyBody program in an Australian tertiary maternity hospital. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014;14:369.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
41. 41.↵
    1. Pocock SJ,
    2. Assmann SE,
    3. Enos LE,
    4. Kasten LE

    . Subgroup analysis, covariate adjustment and baseline comparisons in clinical trial reporting: current practice and problems. Stat Med 2002;21:2917–30.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
42. 42.↵
    1. Assmann SF,
    2. Pocock SJ,
    3. Enos LE,
    4. Kasten LE

    . Subgroup analysis and other (mis)uses of baseline data in clinical trials. Lancet 2000;355:1064–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
43. 43.↵
    1. Andraszewicz S,
    2. Scheibehenne B,
    3. Rieskamp J,
    4. Grasman R,
    5. Verhagen J,
    6. Wagenmakers EJ

    . An introduction to Bayesian hypothesis testing for management research. J Manag 2015;41:521–43.

    OpenUrl
44. 44.↵
    1. Jeffreys H

    . Theory of probability. 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1961.
45. 45.↵
    1. Lee MD,
    2. Wagenmakers EJ

    . Bayesian cognitive modeling: a practical course. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2013.
46. 46.↵
    International RTI [Internet]. Accountable Health Communities (AHC) model evaluation: first evaluation report; 2020 [accessed 2022 July 12]. Available from: https://innovation.cms.gov/data-and-reports/2020/ahc-first-eval-rpt.
47. 47.↵
    1. Henrikson NB,
    2. Blasi PR,
    3. Dorsey CN,
    4. et al

    . Psychometric and pragmatic properties of social risk screening tools: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2019;57:S13–S24.

    OpenUrl