Patient, Provider, and Clinic Characteristics Associated with Opioid and Non-Opioid Pain Prescriptions for Patients Receiving Low Back Imaging in Primary Care

Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of patient-level (patient age, sex, index imaging modality, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, insurance status, Charlson comorbidity index, prescriptions for opioids in the 120 days prior to index, image finding status, and time of index image), provider-level (provider age, provider type, provider sex, and provider specialty), and clinic-level (rural urban commuting area type and clinic size) variables associated with receipt of immediate prescriptions for opioids within 90 days of receipt of lower back imaging. Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography; DO, doctor of osteopathic medicine; MD, medical doctor; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SES, socioeconomic status; VA, Veteran's Affairs.

Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of patient-level (patient age, sex, index imaging modality, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, insurance status, Charlson comorbidity index, prescriptions for opioids in the 120 days prior to index, image finding status, and time of index image), provider-level (provider age, provider type, provider sex, and provider specialty), and clinic-level (rural urban commuting area type and clinic size) variables associated with having 1 quarter (referent category) versus multiple quarters with at least 1 opioid prescription within a year of index low back image. Abbreviations: DO, doctor of osteopathic medicine; MD, medical doctor; PA/NP, physician assistants and nurse practitioners; SES, socioeconomic status.

Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of patient-level (patient age, sex, index imaging modality, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, insurance status, Charlson comorbidity index, prescriptions for non-opioid pain medications in the 120 days prior to index, image finding status, and time of index image), provider-level (provider age, provider type, provider sex, and provider specialty), and clinic-level (rural urban commuting area type and clinic size) variables associated with receipt of immediate prescriptions for non-opioid pain medications within 90 days of receipt of lower back imaging. Abbreviations: CT, computed tomography; DO, doctor of osteopathic medicine; MD, medical doctor; PA/NP, physician assistants and nurse practitioners; SES, socioeconomic status; VA, Veteran's Affairs.