Patient, Provider, and Clinic Characteristics Associated with Opioid and Non-Opioid Pain Prescriptions for Patients Receiving Low Back Imaging in Primary Care

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).

From the Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, KTJ, SKJ, JGJ); Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (LSG, ENM, JAT, KTJ, JLF, PS, SKJ, PJH, JGJ); Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ZAM); Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (ENM, PJH); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT); Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (JAT, JLF); Department of Radiology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (DFK, PHL); Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, (BG); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA (KJS); Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA (PS); Departments of Family Medicine and Internal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR (RAD); Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (ALA).