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Brief ReportBrief Report

Associations of Race, Insurance, and Zip Code-Level Income with Nonadherence Diagnoses in Primary and Specialty Diabetes Care

Sourik Beltrán, Daniel J. Arenas, Itzel J. López-Hinojosa, Elizabeth L. Tung and Peter F. Cronholm
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine September 2021, 34 (5) 891-897; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2021.05.200639
Sourik Beltrán
From the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (SB); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA (DJA); Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania (SB); Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (IJLH); Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago (ELT); Chicago Center for Diabetes Translation Research, University of Chicago (ELT); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania (PFC).
MD, MBE
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Daniel J. Arenas
From the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (SB); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA (DJA); Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania (SB); Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (IJLH); Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago (ELT); Chicago Center for Diabetes Translation Research, University of Chicago (ELT); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania (PFC).
PhD
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Itzel J. López-Hinojosa
From the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (SB); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA (DJA); Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania (SB); Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (IJLH); Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago (ELT); Chicago Center for Diabetes Translation Research, University of Chicago (ELT); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania (PFC).
BA
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Elizabeth L. Tung
From the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (SB); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA (DJA); Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania (SB); Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (IJLH); Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago (ELT); Chicago Center for Diabetes Translation Research, University of Chicago (ELT); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania (PFC).
MD, MS
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Peter F. Cronholm
From the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (SB); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA (DJA); Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania (SB); Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (IJLH); Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago (ELT); Chicago Center for Diabetes Translation Research, University of Chicago (ELT); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania (PFC).
MD, MSCE
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References

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The Journal of the American Board of Family   Medicine: 34 (5)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 34, Issue 5
September/October 2021
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Associations of Race, Insurance, and Zip Code-Level Income with Nonadherence Diagnoses in Primary and Specialty Diabetes Care
Sourik Beltrán, Daniel J. Arenas, Itzel J. López-Hinojosa, Elizabeth L. Tung, Peter F. Cronholm
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Sep 2021, 34 (5) 891-897; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2021.05.200639

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Associations of Race, Insurance, and Zip Code-Level Income with Nonadherence Diagnoses in Primary and Specialty Diabetes Care
Sourik Beltrán, Daniel J. Arenas, Itzel J. López-Hinojosa, Elizabeth L. Tung, Peter F. Cronholm
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Sep 2021, 34 (5) 891-897; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2021.05.200639
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Keywords

  • HbA1c
  • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  • Patient Compliance
  • Poverty
  • Primary Health Care
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Nonadherence
  • Patient Labeling
  • Bias
  • Race
  • Socioeconomic Status

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