Associations of Race, Insurance, and Zip Code-Level Income with Nonadherence Diagnoses in Primary and Specialty Diabetes Care

From the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (SB); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA (DJA); Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania (SB); Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (IJLH); Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago (ELT); Chicago Center for Diabetes Translation Research, University of Chicago (ELT); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania (PFC).

From the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (SB); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA (DJA); Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania (SB); Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (IJLH); Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago (ELT); Chicago Center for Diabetes Translation Research, University of Chicago (ELT); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania (PFC).

From the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (SB); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA (DJA); Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania (SB); Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (IJLH); Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago (ELT); Chicago Center for Diabetes Translation Research, University of Chicago (ELT); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania (PFC).

From the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (SB); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA (DJA); Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania (SB); Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (IJLH); Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago (ELT); Chicago Center for Diabetes Translation Research, University of Chicago (ELT); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania (PFC).

From the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA (SB); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA (DJA); Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania (SB); Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL (IJLH); Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago (ELT); Chicago Center for Diabetes Translation Research, University of Chicago (ELT); Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Center for Public Health Initiatives, University of Pennsylvania (PFC); Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania (PFC).