Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Odds ratio (OR) of condition among Down syndrome (DS) sample relative to general population. *OR = 1: Likelihood of condition in DS sample is the same as the likelihood of condition in general population. *OR > 1: Likelihood of condition in DS sample is greater than the likelihood of condition in general population. *OR < 1: Likelihood of condition in DS sample is lesser than the likelihood of condition in general population. Abbreviations: CHD, Coronary heart disease; MI, myocardial infarction; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol.
Tables
Demographic Factors DS Sample General Population Estimates* Age, years n = 2342 n = 244,652,666 18 to 29 652 (27.84%) 53,199,212 (21.74%)† 30 to 39 406 (17.34%) 41,412,561 (16.93%) 40 to 49 437 (18.66%) 41,412,561 (16.93%) 50 to 59 553 (23.61%) 43,642,468 (17.84%) 60 to 69 268 (11.44%) 34,085,723 (13.93%) 70 to 79 26 (1.11%) 19,113,489 (7.81%) 80+ 0% 11,786,652 (4.82%) Sex n = 2342 n = 245,736,019 Male 1085 (46.33%) 119,945,724 (48.60%) (>=18) Female 1257 (53.67%) 125,790,295 (51.40%) (>=18) Race n = 2342 n = 318,558,162 Caucasian 1419 (80.03%) 233,657,078 (73.30%) African American 151 (8.52%) 40,241,818 (12.60%) American Indian/Alaska Native 1 (0.06%) 2,597,817 (0.80%) Asian 36 (2.03%) 16,614,625 (5.20%) Other‡ 166 (9.36%) 25,446,824 (8.10%) Ethnicity n = 2342 n = 318,558,162 Hispanic or Latino 136 (7.67%) 55,199,107 (17.30%) Not Hispanic or Latino 1586 (89.45%) 263,359,055 (82.70%) Declined 51 (2.88%) — ↵* The 2016 entire general population (n = 318,558,162) was provided, with associated percentages across described age groups. These percentages were used to calculate raw numbers and adjusted percentages of adults ≥ 18 years only (n = 244,652,666). Race and ethnicity represent the entire general population, including youth.
↵>† General population heart disease, stroke and associated risk condition prevalence throughout this paper represent adults ages ≥ 20 years. Adults ages 20 to 29 years make up 18.23%, or 44,598,142 individuals, of the general adult population.
↵‡ Other represents individuals who identified as “Unknown” or “Declined” among DS sample and as “Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander,” “Some Other Race” or “Two or More Races” among general population. The following results will describe OR with associated P-values comparing prevalence of the following heart disease-related conditions among adults with DS to the general population: Coronary heart disease (CHD), Angina, myocardial infarction (MI), and HF, Stroke, diabetes mellitus (DM), Hypertension, Overweight Status, and High total cholesterol (TC). See Table 2 for complete results and Figure 1 for a mapping of the odds ratios (ORs).
Clinical Disease Conditions DS General Population OR (95% CI) P-Value CHD (includes angina and MI) 9/2342 (0.38%) 18,200,000/271,641,791 (6.70%) 0.05 (0.03, 0.10) <.0001* Angina 2/2342 (0.09%) 9,400,000/261,111,111 (3.60%) 0.02 (0.01, 0.09) <.0001* MI 1/2342 (0.04%) 8,400,000/280,000,000 (3.00%) 0.01 (0.00, 0.10) <.0001* Heart failure 33/2342 (1.41%) 6,200,000/281,818,181 (2.20%) 0.64 (0.45, 0.90) .01† Stroke 69/2342 (2.95%) 7,000,000/280,000,000 (2.50%) 1.18 (0.93, 1.50) .17 Risk conditions DM 117/2342 (5.00%) 26,000,000/265,306,122 (9.80%) 0.48 (0.40, 0.58) <.0001† Hypertension 63/2342 (2.69%) 116,400,000/253,043,478 (46.0%) 0.03 (0.03, 0.04) <.0001† Overweight (BMI, 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2‡) 1332/1814 (73.43%) 157,232,115/226,559,242 (69.40%) 1.22 (1.10, 1.35) .00† Obesity (BMI, 30.0+ kg/m2‡) 780/1814 (43.00%) 82,241,005/226,559,242 (36.30%) 1.32 (1.21, 1.45) <.0001† High TC (TC ≥ 240 mg/dL) 63/2342 (2.69%) 28,500,000/243,589,743 (11.70%) 0.21 (0.16, 0.27) <.0001† BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; MI, myocardial infarction; TC, total cholesterol; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
↵* Indicates statistical significance at P < .05 using Fisher’s Exact test.
↵† Indicates statistical significance at P < .05 using Pearson’s chi-square test.
↵‡ General population statistics for these conditions represent 2011 to 2014 data instead of 2013 to 2016 data.
- Appendix. International Classification of Diseases (ICD) Codes Defining Clinical Disease Conditions
Clinical Disease Condition ICD-9 Code ICD-10 Code Coronary heart disease (CHD) 414.10–414.9, 429.2 I20–I25.9 Myocardial infarction (MI) 410.00–410.92 I21–I22 Angina 413.0–413.1, 413.9 I20.9 Heart failure 428.0 I50 Stroke (cerebrovascular disease) 430–438 I60–I69 Risk conditions Hypertension 401.0–401.1, 401.9, 405.19, 405.99 I10–I15 Diabetes mellitus (DM) 250.00–250.99 E10–E14 Overweight status* — — Elevated Total Cholesterol (TC) ( ≥ 240 mg/dL) — — ICD, International Classification of Diseases.
* BMI values ≥ 25.0 was used to define overweight status, not ICD codes.
