Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Probability of survival from cardiovascular mortality in 40 years or older NHANES 1999 to 2010 participants.
Tables
- Table 1.
Demographical Characteristics of 40 Years or Older NHANES 1999–2010 Participants by Glucosamine/Chondroitin Use of 1 Year or Longer (n = 16,686)
Characteristics Glucosamine/Chondroitin User (n = 658), % (95% CI) Glucosamine/Chondroitin Nonuser (n = 16,028), % (95% CI) P-Value* Age (years) 40 to 49 16.7 (12.0 to 21.3) 38.2 (36.6 to 39.7) <.0001† 50 to 59 29.6 (24.9 to 34.3) 28.9 (27.7 to 30.0) 60 to 69 29.3 (24.7 to 33.9) 17.2 (16.5 to 18.0) ≥70 24.5 (21.4 to 27.6) 15.7 (14.9 to 16.6) Sex Male 42.7 (38.5 to 46.9) 46.1 (45.2 to 46.9) .13 Female 57.3 (53.1 to 61.5) 53.9 (53.1 to 54.8) Race Non-Hispanic White 90.8 (88.3 to 93.3) 74.8 (72.3 to 77.2) <.0001† Non-Hispanic Black 2.1 (1.3-3.1) 10.4 (9.0 to 11.8) Hispanic 3.2 (1.9-4.4) 10.1 (8.3 to 11.9) Other 3.8 (1.8-5.8) 4.7 (4.0 to 5.3) Body mass index Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) 1.4 (0.03-2.8) 1.4 (1.2-1.7) .93 Normal (18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) 26.9 (22.4 to 31.5) 27.7 (26.5 to 28.8) Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) 37.8 (33.3 to 42.3) 36.1 (35.0 to 37.2) Obese (≥30 kg/m2) 33.8 (29.2 to 38.4) 34.8 (33.6 to 36.0) Education ≥high school 92.1 (89.6 to 94.6) 80.3 (79.1 to 81.5) <.0001† <high school 7.9 (5.4 to 10.4) 19.7 (18.5 to 20.9) Smoking Current smoker 6.2 (3.4 to 9.0) 20.3 (19.2 to 21.4) <.0001† Non-smoker 93.8 (91.0 to 96.6) 79.7 (78.6 to 80.8) Physical activity ≥150 minutes/week 59.0 (54.1 to 63.8) 44.5 (42.7 to 46.3) <.0001† <150 minutes/week 41.0 (36.2 to 45.9) 55.5 (53.7 to 57.3) - Table 2.
Unadjusted and Adjusted Hazard Ratio for All Causes of Mortality and Cardiovascular Mortality (n = 16,686)
Models All-Cause Mortality (n = 3366) CVD Mortality (n = 674) HR (95% CI) P-Value* HR (95% CI) P-Value* Unadjusted Glucosamine/chondroitin User 0.88 (0.70 to 1.11) .27 0.51 (0.28 to 0.92) .03† Non-user — — Age adjusted Glucosamine/chondroitin User 0.61 (0.49 to 0.77) <.0001§ 0.35 (0.20 to 0.61) .0004§ Non-user — — Age, years 40 to 49 — — 50 to 59 1.96 (1.55 to 2.48) <.0001§ 1.80 (1.02 to 3.15) .04† 60 to 69 4.38 (3.73 to 5.15) <.0001§ 4.98 (2.98 to 8.32) <.0001§ 70+ 15.29 (13.18 to 17.74) <.0001§ 17.55 (11.54 to 26.69) <.0001§ Multivariable adjusted Glucosamine/chondroitin User 0.73 (0.57 to 0.93) .01† 0.42 (0.23 to 0.75) .004‡ Non-user — — Age, years 40 to 49 — — 50 to 59 2.01 (1.60 to 2.53) <.0001§ 1.90 (1.12 to 3.24) .02† 60 to 69 4.71 (4.03 to 5.50) <.0001§ 5.49 (3.37 to 8.96) <.0001§ 70+ 17.53 (15.18 to 20.25) <.0001§ 20.57 (13.97 to 30.29) <.0001§ Sex Male — — Female 0.69 (0.63 to 0.75) <.0001§ 0.51 (0.42 to 0.60) <.0001§ Race Non-Hispanic White — — Non-Hispanic Black 1.15 (1.03 to 1.29) .01† 1.27 (1.0 to 1.60) .04† Hispanic 0.87 (0.74 to 1.02) .08 0.88 (0.60 to 1.28) .49 Other 0.84 (0.62 to 1.12) .23 0.94 (0.43 to 2.04) .87 Education ≥High school — — <High school 1.30 (1.17 to 1.45) <.0001§ .007‡ Smoking status Current smoker 1.98 (1.78 to 2.20) <.0001§ 1.61 (1.23 to 2.10) .0007§ Non-smoker — — Physical activity ≥150 minutes/week 0.64 (0.59 to 0.70) <.0001§ 0.58 (0.46 to 0.73) <.0001§ <150 minutes/week — — CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
*P-value was estimated from Cox proportional hazards models. †P < .05, ‡P < .01, §P < .001.
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