Impact of Physician-Pharmacist Collaboration on Diabetes Outcomes and Health Care Use

Article Figures & Data

Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics of Study Patients

	Usual Care	Collaborative Care	P value
Age, y, mean ± SD	60.0 ± 13.5	60.8 ± 13.2	.394
Male, No. (%)	190 (49.4)	205 (53.3)	.279
Race, No. (%)			.070
White	319 (82.9)	338 (87.8)
Black	48 (12.5)	39 (10.1)
Other	18 (4.7)	8 (2.1)
BMI, kg/m², mean ± SD	34.8 ± 8.1	35.4 ± 8.8	.601
eGFR, mL/min (%)			.029
≥ 60	227 (69.4)	243 (69.0)
45 to < 60	63 (19.3)	52 (14.8)
30 to < 45	29 (8.9)	53 (15.1)
< 30	8 (2.4)	4 (1.1)
Diabetes diagnosis, No. (%)			.362
Type 1	7 (1.8)	4 (1.0)
Type 2	378 (98.2)	381 (99.0)
HbA1c %, mean ± SD	7.57 ± 1.62	9.43 ± 2.11	<.001
History of hypertension, No. (%)	316 (82.1)	295 (76.6)	.062
History of hyperlipidemia, No. (%)	312 (81.0)	299 (77.7)	.247
Health insurance			.641
Government	190 (49.4)	202 (52.5)
Commercial	186 (48.3)	173 (44.9)
Self-pay/charity	9 (2.3)	10 (2.6)
ED visits, mean ± SD	0.2 ± 0.6	0.3 ± 0.9	.001
Hospital visits, mean ± SD	0.3 ± 0.9	0.6 ± 1.3	.002

BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ED, emergency department; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2.

Changes in Clinical Diabetes Outcomes for Usual Care and Collaborative Care Groups

DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.

Table 3.

Changes in Diabetes Therapeutic Outcomes for Usual Care and Collaborative Care Groups

HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; PCV13, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (13-valent); PPSV23, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23-valent).
↵* Aspirin and statins included all drugs in the classes of salicylates and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, respectively.

Table 4.

Subgroup Analysis with Exclusion of Varying Levels of Baseline HbA1c Control

	n	Baseline, Mean ± SD	Follow-up, Mean ± SD	Change, Mean (95% CI)	P Value
Baseline HbA1c ≥ 7%
Usual care, HbA1c, %	222	8.50 ± 1.53	8.03 ± 1.56	0.47 (0.28 to 0.66)	< .0001
Collaborative care, HbA1c, %	355	9.68 ± 2.00	7.79 ± 1.60	1.89 (1.65 to 2.13)
Baseline HbA1c ≥ 8%
Usual care, HbA1c, %	119	9.47 ± 1.52	8.56 ± 1.72	0.90 (0.62 to 1.18)	< .0001
Collaborative care, HbA1c, %	284	10.24 ± 1.84	7.96 ± 1.60	2.29 (2.02 to 2.55)
Baseline HbA1c ≥ 9%
Usual care, HbA1c, %	63	10.42 ± 1.54	9.14 ± 1.95	1.28 (0.82 to 1.73)	< .0001
Collaborative care, HbA1c, %	204	10.95 ± 1.70	8.11 ± 1.71	2.84 (2.51 to 3.17)

HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval.
All data represented includes subjects originally matched for primary analysis with subjects excluded based on baseline HbA1c values. Subjects included in the subgroup with baseline HbA1c ≥ 9% are included in all three subgroup analyses based on meeting baseline HbA1c for each group. Subjects with baseline HbA1c of ≥ 8% are included in subgroup analyses with baseline HbA1c of ≥ 8% and ≥ 7%.