Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Flow of patients through the study.
- Figure 2.
Clinical measures over 12 months of followup according to widespread pain group. Abbreviations: NRS, numeric rating scale; RMDQ, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; SPADE, sleep disturbance, pain interference with activities, anxiety, depression, and low energy/fatigue; WP, widespread pain. Greater scores represent worse status on each clinical measure. Error bars represent 95% CI. P-values were computed using repeated measures analysis of variance. All WP groups were significantly different from one another in post-hoc comparisons for all clinical measures. A significant back-related disability X time interaction effect was also observed (P = .01).
Tables
- Table 1.
Baseline Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Psychological Characteristics of Patients (N = 358)
Characteristic No. % Age, y 21–49 111 31 50–59 128 36 60–79 119 33 Sex Male 100 28 Female 258 72 Race White 248 69 Non-White 110 31 Ethnicity Non-Hispanic 313 87 Hispanic 45 13 Highest educational level High school diploma or lower 91 25 Post-high school or some college 142 40 College degree or higher 125 35 Cigarette smoking status Never or former smoker 297 83 Current smoker 61 17 Chronic low back pain duration Less or equal to 5 y 128 36 Greater than 5 y 230 64 History of low back surgery No 301 84 Yes 57 16 Ever unemployed or unable to do usual work for one month or longer due to low back pain No 224 63 Yes 134 37 Ever received disability or workers' compensation benefits relating to low back pain No 273 76 Yes 85 24 Ever involved in a lawsuit or legal claim relating to low back pain No 321 90 Yes 37 10 History of comorbidities Herniated disc No 232 65 Yes 126 35 Sciatica No 241 67 Yes 117 33 Osteoarthritis No 242 68 Yes 116 32 Osteoporosis No 319 89 Yes 39 11 Heart disease No 321 90 Yes 37 10 Hypertension No 218 61 Yes 140 39 Diabetes No 283 79 Yes 75 21 Asthma No 256 72 Yes 102 28 Depression No 192 54 Yes 166 46 Pain catastrophizing (PCS score) Low (0–8) 112 31 Moderate (9–22) 123 34 High (23–52) 123 34 Pain self-efficacy (PSEQ score) Low (0–28) 117 33 Moderate (29–42) 116 32 High (43–60) 125 35 Current use of opioids for low back pain No 227 63 Yes 131 37 Abbreviations: PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PSEQ, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire.
Factor Univariate Analysis Multivariate Analysis OR 95% CI P OR 95% CI P Age, y 21–49 1 … … 1 … … 50–59 1.6 0.8–3.3 .17 1.3 0.6–3.1 .49 60–79 1.2 0.6–2.4 .56 1.7 0.6–4.5 .30 Sex Male 1 … … 1 … … Female 1.2 0.6–2.1 .66 1.5 0.7–3.4 .34 Race White 1 … … 1 … … Non-White 3.6 1.6–8.3 .002 4.1 1.5–10.8 .01 Ethnicity Non-Hispanic 1 … … 1 … … Hispanic 1.2 0.5–3.1 .65 1.8 0.6–5.5 .29 Highest educational level High school diploma or lower 1 … … 1 … … Post-high school or some college 1.0 0.4–2.4 .92 1.8 0.6–5.2 .26 College degree or higher 0.2 0.1–0.6 .001 0.6 0.2–1.8 .38 Cigarette smoking status Never or former smoker 1 … … 1 … … Current smoker 3.0 1.1–8.7 .04 1.3 0.4–4.5 .68 Chronic low back pain duration Less than or equal to 5 y 1 … … 1 … … Greater than 5 y 1.6 0.9–2.8 .13 1.6 0.8–3.2 .19 History of low back surgery No 1 … … 1 … … Yes 1.2 0.5–2.6 .72 0.7 0.3–2.1 .58 History of comorbidities Herniated disc No 1 … … 1 … … Yes 1.4 0.8–2.7 .26 1.2 0.5–2.7 .67 Sciatica No 1 … … 1 … … Yes 1.0 0.6–1.9 .93 0.9 0.4–1.9 .79 Osteoarthritis No 1 … … 1 … … Yes 1.4 0.7–2.6 .33 1.0 0.5–2.4 .92 Osteoporosis No 1 … … 1 … … Yes 1.3 0.5–3.5 0.61 0.8 0.2–2.9 0.77 Heart disease No 1 … … 1 … … Yes 1.2 0.5–3.3 .71 1.7 0.5–5.7 .40 Hypertension No 1 … … 1 … … Yes 1.3 0.7–2.4 .39 0.9 0.4–1.9 .70 Diabetes No 1 … … 1 … … Yes 2.5 1.0–6.0 .046 1.8 0.6-5.4 .28 Asthma No 1 … … 1 … … Yes 1.0 0.5–1.9 .99 0.6 0.3–1.3 .18 Depression No 1 … … 1 … … Yes 2.5 1.3–4.6 .004 0.8 0.4–2.0 .69 Pain catastrophizing (PCS score) Low (0–8) 1 … … 1 … … Moderate (9–22) 4.3 2.2–8.7 <.001 4.7 2.1–11.0 <.001 High (23–52) 12.1 4.6–32.2 <.001 6.8 2.1–22.1 .002 Pain self-efficacy (PSEQ score) Low (0–28) 1 … … 1 … … Moderate (29–42) 0.4 0.2–1.0 .052 0.7 0.2–2.1 .55 High (43–60) 0.2 0.1–0.4 <.001 0.7 0.2–2.2 .52 Currently using opioids for low back pain No 1 … … 1 … … Yes 3.5 1.7–7.5 .001 2.1 0.8–5.4 .12 Results are for widespread pain (either non-persistent or persistent) relative to no widespread pain. Multivariate analysis included all univariate factors.
Abbreviations: PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PSEQ, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
