Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Univariable Analyses of Factors Associated with Child Obesity in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Birth Cohort Data
Risk Factors n Population % % Overweight or Obese (95% CI) Odds Ratio (95% CI) Categorical variables Socioeconomic status (P < .0001) Quintile 1 (lowest) 1263 19.91 44.94 (40.47–49.41) REF Quintile 2 1265 19.88 37.24 (33.57–40.90) 0.73 (0.57–0.92) Quintile 3 1288 19.96 36.43 (32.23–40.63) 0.70 (0.55–0.90) Quintile 4 1332 20.20 35.41 (31.92–38.91) 0.67 (0.53–0.86) Quintile 5 (highest) 1622 20.06 27.09 (24.26–29.91) 0.46 (0.37–0.56) Food security (P = .043) Food secure 6034 89.71 35.45 (33.82–37.07) 0.61 (0.38–0.98) Food insecure without hunger 547 8.03 40.98 (34.96–47.00) 0.77 (0.68–1.27) Food insecure with hunger 171 2.26 47.39 (35.47–59.30) REF Parents who reside in household (P = .0078) Biological mother and biological father 4705 68.96 34.61 (32.73–36.49) 0.80 (0.68–0.94) Other household composition 2065 31.04 39.75 (36.53–42.97) REF Race/ethnicity (P < .0001) White 2767 53.80 31.35 (29.03–33.66) REF Black 1056 13.88 40.32 (35.62–45.02) 1.48 (1.18–1.86) Hispanic 1359 25.12 43.47 (39.76–47.18) 1.68 (1.39–2.04) Asian 765 2.62 28.69 (22.82–34.57) 0.88 (0.67–1.16) Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, Alaska, or American Indian 251 0.65 48.44 (36.96–59.92) 2.06 (1.28–3.30) Other race (includes more than one race) 560 3.94 43.39 (36.77–50.00) 1.70 (1.26–2.24) Child's sex (P = .28) Female 3348 49.06 37.12 (35.13–39.10) 1.08 (0.94–1.25) Male 3422 50.94 35.26 (32.63–37.89) REF Child was put to bed with bottle (P = .014) Yes 2089 29.69 39.48 (36.12–42.84) 1.22 (1.04–1.43) No 4675 70.31 34.80 (33.03–36.57) REF Parental rule about which kinds of food child can eat (P = .0039) Yes 5142 76.77 34.74 (32.98–36.51) 0.77 (0.64–0.92) No 1627 23.23 40.94(37.12–44.76) REF Current smoking (P = .0033) Yes 1303 19.56 41.43 (37.36–45.49) 1.32 (1.10–1.60) No 5462 80.44 34.89 (33.14–36.64) REF Amount of soda consumed by child (P = .034) More than 7 per week 1839 26.99 39.23 (36.21–42.26) 1.03 (0.87–1.20) Less than 6 time per week 3019 44.08 35.12 (32.97–37.28) 1.22 (1.03–1.45) Never 1903 28.93 34.56 (31.54–37.58) REF Mother's hours work/week (P = .48) 0.4827 35 hours or more per week 2971 42.93 37.55 (35.20–39.90) 1.13 (0.95–1.35) Less than 35 hours per week 1257 19.13 34.99 (31.02–38.96) 1.02 (0.83–1.24) Looking for work 358 5.68 35.72 (28.24–43.21) 1.05 (0.75–1.64) Not in the labor force 2071 32.27 34.66 (31.89–37.44) REF Parental rule about television watching (P = .041) Yes 6274 93.82 35.77 (34.09–37.45) 0.73 (0.55–0.99) No 466 6.18 43.16 (36.18–50.14) REF Neighborhood safety (P = .0005) Very safe 4012 59.40 33.71 (31.77–35.66) 0.55 (0.33–0.91) Fairly safe 2363 34.60 38.83 (35.83–41.82) 0.68 (0.41–1.15) Very unsafe 115 4.30 45.32 (37.07–53.57) 0.89 (0.48–1.65) Refuse 93 1.70 48.16 (35.15–61.16) REF Overall population 36.31 (34.62–37.79) Risk Factors Overweight/Obese (95% CI) N = 2246 Nonoverweight/Obese (95% CI) N = 4572 P Value Continuous variables Birth weight (grams) 3436.0 (3405.9–3466.1) 3248.4 (3224.0–3272.9) <.0001 Hours TV watched per weekday 2.01 (1.92–2.10) 1.86 (1.79–1.93) .0045 Days per week eat as a family 5.49 (5.38–5.59) 5.66 (5.58–5.74) .046 Parent days per week exercises for 30 minutes 1.75 (1.61–1.90) 1.94 (1.83–2.06) .047 Boldface indicates statistical significance (P < .05).
CI, confidential interval; REF, Reference category for odd ratios.
- Table 2.
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis of a Child Being Obese or Overweight at Kindergarten Entry
Variables Parameter Estimate (SE) Odds Ratio for Overweight/Obesity (95% CI) P Value Socioeconomic status (all compared to ref = 5th quintile, highest) .0018 1st (lowest) 0.5384 (0.1360) 1.71 (1.31–2.23) 2nd 0.3049 (0.1080) 1.36 (1.10–1.68) 3rd 0.3222 (0.1321) 1.38 (1.07–1.79) 4th 0.3104 (0.1286) 1.36 (1.06–1.76) Race (reference category = white) <.0001 Black 0.4534 (0.1337) 1.57 (1.21–2.05) Hispanic 0.4999 (0.1183) 1.65 (1.31–2.08) Asian 0.1199 (0.1559) 1.13 (0.83–1.53) Native American 0.6823 (0.2667) 1.98 (1.17–3.34) Other (includes more than 1 race) 0.5558 (0.1542) 1.74 (1.29–2.36) Birthweight (per 100 g) 0.000684 (0.000059) 1.07 (1.06–1.08) <.0001 Current smoker (yes vs no) 0.3361 (0.0905) 1.40 (1.17–1.67) .0002 Eat dinner as a family (days per week) −0.038 (0.0189) 0.96 (0.93–0.99) .0446 Interaction Effects* Race × SES .4263 Birthweight × SES .3946 Parental Smoking × SES .5884 Eating dinner as a family × SES .8809 CI, confidential interval; SE, standard error; SES, socioeconomic status.
↵* Main effect model included race, birthweight, rarental smoking, and eating dinner as a family and evaluated SES as interaction term.
