Research ArticleOriginal Research

Frequency of Cannabis Use Among Primary Care Patients in Washington State

Gwen T. Lapham, Amy K. Lee, Ryan M. Caldeiro, Dennis McCarty, Kendall C. Browne, Denise D. Walker, Daniel R. Kivlahan and Katharine A. Bradley
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine November 2017, 30 (6) 795-805; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2017.06.170062

References

  1. 1.↵
    National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings and Detailed Tables. 2015. Available from: http://archive.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2013SummNatFindDetTables/Index.aspx. Accessed October 1, 2015.
  2. 2.↵
    1. Hasin DS,
    2. O’Brien CP,
    3. Auriacombe M,
    4. et al
    . DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: recommendations and rationale. Am J Psychiatry 2013;170:834–851.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. 3.↵
    1. Hasin DS,
    2. Saha TD,
    3. Kerridge BT,
    4. et al
    . Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the united states between 2001–2002 and 2012–2013. JAMA Psychiatry 2015;72:1235–42.
    OpenUrl
  4. 4.↵
    1. Moss HB,
    2. Chen CM,
    3. Yi HY
    . Measures of substance consumption among substance users, DSM-IV abusers, and those with DSM-IV dependence disorders in a nationally representative sample. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2012;73:820–828.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  5. 5.↵
    1. Hall W,
    2. Weier M
    . Assessing the public health impacts of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the USA. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015;97:607–615.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  6. 6.↵
    Prescription Drug Abuse Policy System. Medical marijuana laws for patients. 2016. Available from: http://www.pdaps.org/dataset/overview/medical-marijuana-patient-related-laws/56e5ad5bd42e0723743aa700. Accessed March 30, 2016.
  7. 7.↵
    Pew Research Center. Majority now supports legalizing marijuana. 2013. Available from: http://www.people-press.org/2013/04/04/majority-now-supports-legalizing-marijuana/. Accessed November 30, 2015.
  8. 8.↵
    1. Pacula RL,
    2. Jacobson M,
    3. Maksabedian EJ
    . In the weeds: A baseline view of cannabis use among legalizing states and their neighbours. Addiction 2016;111:973–680.
    OpenUrl
  9. 9.↵
    1. Vandrey R,
    2. Raber JC,
    3. Raber ME,
    4. et al
    . Cannabinoid dose and label accuracy in edible medical cannabis products. JAMA 2015;313:2491–2493.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. 10.↵
    1. Kleiman M
    . A cannabis research agenda for policy design: What do we need to know? Marijuana and Cannabinoids: A Neuroscience Research Summit, March 22–23, 2016; Bethesda, MD.
  11. 11.↵
    1. Smith PC,
    2. Schmidt SM,
    3. Allensworth-Davies D,
    4. et al
    . A single-question screening test for drug use in primary care. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1155–1160.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  12. 12.↵
    1. Babor TF,
    2. Higgins-Biddle JC,
    3. Saunders JB,
    4. et al
    . AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary care. 2nd ed. 2001. Available from: http://www.dass.stir.ac.uk/DRUGS/pdf/audit.pdf. Accessed Feb 1, 2012.
  13. 13.↵
    WHO ASSIST Working Group. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): Development, reliability and feasibility. Addiction. 2002;97:1183–1194.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. 14.↵
    1. Ruschmann P
    . Legalizing Marjiuana. New York, NY: Chelsea House; 2004.
  15. 15.↵
    1. Kroenke K,
    2. Spitzer RL,
    3. Williams JB
    . The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care 2003;41:1284–1292.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  16. 16.↵
    1. Bradley KA,
    2. DeBenedetti AF,
    3. Volk RJ,
    4. et al
    . AUDIT-C as a brief screen for alcohol misuse in primary care. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2007;31:1208–1217.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  17. 17.↵
    1. Williams EC,
    2. Lapham GT,
    3. Hawkins EJ,
    4. et al
    . Variation in documented care for unhealthy alcohol consumption across race/ethnicity in the Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012;36:1614–1622.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  18. 18.↵
    1. Janes H,
    2. Pepe MS
    . Adjusting for covariates in studies of diagnostic, screening, or prognostic markers: An old concept in a new setting. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:89–97.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  19. 19.↵
    Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, University of Washingtion. Young adult health survey: Marijuana. 2015. Available from: http://learnaboutmarijuanawa.org/factsheets/YAHS%20Marijuana.pdf. Accessed May 3, 2016.
  20. 20.↵
    1. Pacek LR,
    2. Mauro PM,
    3. Martins SS
    . Perceived risk of regular cannabis use in the United States from 2002 to 2012: Differences by sex, age, and race/ethnicity. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015;149:232–244.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  21. 21.↵
    1. Sevigny EL,
    2. Pacula RL,
    3. Heaton P
    . The effects of medical marijuana laws on potency. Int J Drug Policy 2014;25:308–319.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  22. 22.↵
    1. Loflin M,
    2. Earleywine M
    . A new method of cannabis ingestion: The dangers of dabs? Addict Behav 2014;39:1430–1433.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  23. 23.↵
    1. Lee DC,
    2. Crosier BS,
    3. Borodovsky JT,
    4. et al
    . Online survey characterizing vaporizer use among cannabis users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016;159:227–233.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    1. Stinson FS,
    2. Ruan WJ,
    3. Pickering R,
    4. et al
    . Cannabis use disorders in the USA: Prevalence, correlates and co-morbidity. Psychol Med 2006;36:1447–1460.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  25. 25.↵
    1. Haberstick BC,
    2. Young SE,
    3. Zeiger JS,
    4. et al
    . Prevalence and correlates of alcohol and cannabis use disorders in the United States: Results from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014;136:158–161.
    OpenUrl
  26. 26.↵
    1. Hasin DS,
    2. Kerridge BT,
    3. Saha TD,
    4. et al
    . Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, 2012–2013: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Am J Psychiatry 2016;173:588–599.
    OpenUrl
  27. 27.↵
    1. Volkow ND,
    2. Baler RD,
    3. Compton WM,
    4. et al
    . Adverse health effects of marijuana use. N Engl J Med 2014;370:2219–2227.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  28. 28.↵
    1. Gruber SA,
    2. Sagar KA,
    3. Dahlgren MK,
    4. et al
    . Age of onset of marijuana use and executive function. Psychol Addict Behav 2012;26:496–506.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  29. 29.↵
    1. Schrot RJ,
    2. Hubbard JR
    . Cannabinoids: Medical implications. Ann Med 2016;48:128–141.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  30. 30.↵
    1. Moore TH,
    2. Zammit S,
    3. Lingford-Hughes A,
    4. et al
    . Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet 2007;370:319–328.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  31. 31.↵
    1. Blanco C,
    2. Hasin DS,
    3. Wall MM,
    4. et al
    . Cannabis use and risk of psychiatric disorders: Prospective evidence from a US national longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry 2016;73:388–395.
    OpenUrl
  32. 32.↵
    1. Bushlin I,
    2. Rozenfeld R,
    3. Devi LA
    . Cannabinoid-opioid interactions during neuropathic pain and analgesia. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2010;10:80–86.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  33. 33.↵
    1. Gunn JK,
    2. Rosales CB,
    3. Center KE,
    4. et al
    . Prenatal exposure to cannabis and maternal and child health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2016;6(4):e009986.
    OpenUrl
  34. 34.↵
    1. Rogeberg O,
    2. Elvik R
    . The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised. Addiction 2016;111:1348–1359.
    OpenUrl
  35. 35.↵
    1. Allsop DJ,
    2. Norberg MM,
    3. Copeland J,
    4. et al
    . The Cannabis Withdrawal Scale development: Patterns and predictors of cannabis withdrawal and distress. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011;119(1–2):123–129.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  36. 36.↵
    1. Polen MR,
    2. Whitlock EP,
    3. Wisdom JP,
    4. et al
    . Screening in primary care settings for illicit drug use: staged systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville, MD: AHRQ; 2008.
  37. 37.↵
    1. Hill KP
    . Medical marijuana for treatment of chronic pain and other medical and psychiatric problems: A clinical review. JAMA 2015;313:2474–2483.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  38. 38.↵
    1. Whiting PF,
    2. Wolff RF,
    3. Deshpande S,
    4. et al
    . Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2015;313:2456–2473.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  39. 39.↵
    1. Volkow ND,
    2. Compton WM,
    3. Wargo EM
    . The risks of marijuana use during pregnancy. JAMA 2017;317:129–130.
    OpenUrl
  40. 40.↵
    1. Adamson SJ,
    2. Kay-Lambkin FJ,
    3. Baker AL,
    4. et al
    . An improved brief measure of cannabis misuse: The Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R). Drug Alcohol Depend 2010;110(1–2):137–143.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  41. 41.↵
    1. Saha TD,
    2. Compton WM,
    3. Chou SP,
    4. et al
    . Analyses related to the development of DSM-5 criteria for substance use related disorders: 1. Toward amphetamine, cocaine and prescription drug use disorder continua using Item Response Theory. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012;122(1–2):38–46.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  42. 42.↵
    1. Danovitch I,
    2. Gorelick DA
    . State of the art treatments for cannabis dependence. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2012;35:309–326.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  43. 43.↵
    1. Gates PJ,
    2. Sabioni P,
    3. Copeland J,
    4. et al
    . Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;5:CD005336.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  44. 44.↵
    1. Marshall K,
    2. Gowing L,
    3. Ali R,
    4. Le Foll B
    . Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;12:CD008940.
    OpenUrl
  45. 45.↵
    1. Gray KM,
    2. Carpenter MJ,
    3. Baker NL,
    4. et al
    . A double-blind randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine in cannabis-dependent adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 2012;169:805–812.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  46. 46.↵
    1. McLellan AT
    . Public accountability in addiction treatment. Lancet 2009;374:1220–1221.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  47. 47.↵
    1. Korthuis PT,
    2. Burdick T,
    3. Leed R,
    4. et al
    . Using an electronic health record communication tool to assess patient attitudes toward cannabis use. American Society of Addiction Medicine Annual Conference, April 14–17, 2016, Baltimore, MD.
  48. 48.↵
    1. Cerda M,
    2. Wall M,
    3. Keyes KM,
    4. et al
    . Medical marijuana laws in 50 states: Investigating the relationship between state legalization of medical marijuana and marijuana use, abuse and dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012;120(1–3):22–27.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  49. 49.↵
    1. Grant BF,
    2. Saha TD,
    3. Ruan WJ,
    4. et al
    . Epidemiology of DSM-5 drug use disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. JAMA Psychiatry 2016;73:39–47.
    OpenUrl
  50. 50.↵
    1. Kroenke K,
    2. Spitzer RL,
    3. Williams JB,
    4. et al
    . Anxiety disorders in primary care: Prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:317–325.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  51. 51.↵
    U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening and behavioral counseling interventions in primary care to reduce alcohol misuse: Recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:554–556.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  52. 52.↵
    U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for depression in adults: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:784–792.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools

Jump to section

Keywords