Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Socio-Demographic and Health Characteristics of SMARTSteps Participants by Reported Use of Complementary Health Approaches (CHA) N = 278
Sociodemographic Characteristics CHA Use Reported, n, % (N = 143)§ No CHA Use Reported, n, % (N = 135) P-Value Age, years (SD) 55.4 (9.3) 55.9 (7.5) .90 Women 77.6% 70.4% .17 Race/ethnicity Latino 29.4% 15.6% .01 Black/African-American 11.2% 5.9% Asian/Pacific Islander 51.0% 69.6% White/Caucasian 7.0% 6.7% Multi-ethnic/other 1.4% 2.2% Born outside the United States 80.2% 91.3% .01 Language Cantonese speaking 42.0% 63.7% .001 Spanish speaking 24.5% 14.1% English peaking 33.6% 22.2% Educational attainment Some high school or less 48.4% 57.1% .09 High school graduate or GED 20.6% 23.0% Some college, college graduate, or above 31.0% 19.8% Employment status Employed full time 24.6% 18.3% .80 Part time 46.8% 49.2% Unemployed 10.3% 11.1% Disabled 7.1% 8.7% Homemaker/Retired/Other 11.1% 12.7% Annual household income <$20,000 65.3% 61.3% .55 Insurance type Medicaid/MediCal 18.2% 23.1% .48 Medicare 7.0% 3.7% Healthy worker/healthy SF 74.1% 71.6% Other 0.7% 1.5% Limited health literacy 34.9% 51.2% .009 Diabetes-related clinical, medication Adherence and functional health indicators* Years with diabetes, mean (SD) 7.2 (6.1) 6.8 (5.2) .99 Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) > 8.0% 33.8% 16.2% .01 Hemoglobin A1c (A1C), mean (SD) 7.91 (1.7) 7.41 (1.3) .06 Low density lipoprotein (LDL), mg/dL, mean (SD) 100.9 (35.2) 84.7 (28.8) .02 Non-adherence-oral diabetes medication† 39.5% 24.2% .03 Non-adherence-cardiometabolic medication† 39.6% 22.5% .01 Food insecurity‡ 9.5% 5.6% .04 SF-12 physical component, mean (SD) 44.9 (9.8) 47.9 (8.8) .009 SF-12 mental component, mean (SD) 47.8 (11.6) 52.2 (9.9) .002 Bed days in last month, mean (SD) 1.9 (5.2) 0.7 (3.4) <.000 Insulin use 19.6% 15.6% .38 ↵* , Sample size: for A1C, n = 148; for LDL, n = 89.
↵† Non-adherence was measured using the continuous medication gap and a 15-day to 6-monthnth gap in refilling specific prescriptions.
↵‡ Replied “often” or “sometimes” to having put off paying for diabetes medicine so would have money for food in last 12 months.
↵§ With spirituality, prayer, religion excluded, n = 133 CHA users.
- Table 2.
Any Use of Practitioner-Delivered, Herbal-Ingested Supplements, and Other Modalities Among CHA Users by Language (N = 143)*
Spanish, n, % (N = 35) English, n, % (N = 48) Cantonese, n, % (N = 60) P-Value Practitioner Delivered Massage, acupressure, accupuncture (N = 34) 13 (38.2) 13 (38.2) 8 (23.5) .01 Chiropractic (N = 9) 3 (33.3) 5 (55.6) 1 (11.1) .09 Chinese medicine (N = 22) 0 3 (13.6) 19 (86.4) .01 Herbal-ingested supplements Teas and herbs† (N = 68) 15 (22.1) 24 (35.3) 29 (42.7) .16 Vitamins and packaged herbal supplements‡ (N = 72) 12 (16.7) 28 (38.9) 32 (44.4) .06 Homeopathic remedies (N = 5) 0 5 (100) 0 NA Other CHA modalities Yoga, meditation, tai chi (N = 29) 1 (3.5) 14 (48.3) 14 (48.3) .01 Spirituality, religion or prayer for health (N = 59)§ 26 (44.1) 30 (50.9) 3 (5.1) .1 Other (N = 7) 1 (14.3) 5 (71.4) 1 (14.3) .03 ↵* Excluding types with less than 5 observations.
↵† Exclusive use noted among 13 (19.1%) of users of teas and herbs (N = 9 Cantonese, and n = 2 each English and Spanish speakers).
↵‡ Exclusive use noted among 20 (27.8%) of users of vitamins and packaged herbal supplements (N = 14 Cantonese, n = 5 English, and n = 1 Spanish speakers).
↵§ Exclusive use noted among 10 (17.0%) of users of spirituality, prayer or religion (N = 7 Spanish and n = 3 English speakers).
