Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Flow diagram for selection of studies for meta-analysis.
- Figure 2.
Forest plot for fasting blood glucose. Mean, SD, and mean difference are shown in units of mmol/L.
- Figure 3.
Forest plot for glycosylated hemoglobin.
Tables
Study Specific Fiber Type Soluble Fiber Intervention Karlstrom 1984 Cereal and unknown Soluble and insoluble A high-fiber diet (42.4 g) versus a control diet (18.9 g fiber). Diets were identical in the proportion of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and cholesterol. Hollenbeck 1986 Unknown Unknown A high-fiber diet (27 g/1000 kcal) versus a control diet (11 g fiber/1000 kcal). Diets were identical in the proportion of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and cholesterol. Holman 1987 Guar gum Soluble Guar minitablets (5 g), taken 3 times a day taken immediately before the first mouthful of each meal and washed down with water. Of note, all patients had achieved near-normal fasting plasma glucose levels before study began. Hagander 1988 Cereal, beet, and leguminous Soluble and insoluble High-fiber versus low-fiber diets without changing energy intake or proportions of protein, fat, and carbohydrates. Uusitupa 1989 Guar gum Soluble Guar gum granules (5 g), premixed with juice, milk, or water (1–2 dL), 3 times a day before main meals. Lalor 1990 Guar gum Soluble Guar gum granules (5 g) at meal times 3 times daily. Karlander 1991 (diet only arm) Beet fiber Soluble Beet fiber (16 g) mixed into meals divided over 3 meals a day. Chuang 1992 Guar gum Soluble Guar gum (5 g) taken before or with meals in a liquid form 3 times a day. Chandalia 2000 Unfortified foods (e.g. cantaloupe, sweet potato, oatmeal) Soluble and insoluble A high-fiber diet (50 g) versus a control diet (24 g fiber). Diets were identical in the proportion of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and cholesterol. Jenkins 2002 Cereal fiber Soluble and insoluble Bread and breakfast cereals high in cereal fiber were provided to add 19 g/day of additional cereal fiber compared with an additional 4 g/day of additional cereal fiber in the control group. Feldheim 2003 Wheat fiber Soluble and insoluble Consumption of bread and crescents enriched with a dietary fiber concentrate. Lu 2004 Arabinoxylan-rich fiber Soluble and insoluble Usual diet supplemented with arabinoxylane fiber-enriched bread and muffins compared with non–fiber-enriched bread and muffins in the control group. Cho 2005 Cassia tora fiber Soluble Two 2-g packets per day ingested after meals, i.e., one packet each after morning and evening meal. Ziai 2005 Plantago ovata Forsk (Psyllium) Soluble and insoluble Fiber supplement (5.1 g) in 250 mL of water twice a day, 20–30 minutes before the morning and evening meals. Ikem 2007 Unknown Unknown A high-fiber diet (40 g of fiber added) versus a control diet. Diets were similar in the proportion of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Study (Sample Size) Study Type Follow-Up Time (weeks) Increase in Fiber Versus Control Group (g) Female Sex (%) Age (Mean Years [SD]) Body Mass Index (Mean [SD]) Study Quality by GRADE Assessment Control Group Fiber Group Control Group Fiber Group Control Group Fiber Group Karlstrom 1984 (n = 28) RXO 3 23.5 50 50 NR NR NR NR High Hollenbeck 1986 (n = 12) RXO 4 31.4 NR NR 55.0 (4.0) 55.0 (4.0) 25.8 (1.4) 25.8 (1.4) Moderate Holman 1987 (n = 58) RXO 8 15 17.2 17.2 54.2 (10.7) 54.2 (10.7) 26.5 (3.1) 26.5 (3.1) High Hagander 1988 (n = 28) RXO 8 28 64.3 64.3 69.1 (5.6) 69.1 (5.6) 29.2 (4.4) 29.2 (4.4) High Uusitupa 1989 (n = 39) RCT 12 15 73.4 60 NR NR NR NR High Lalor 1990 (n = 38) RXO 12 15 NR NR NR NR NR NR High Karlander 1991 (n = 10) (diet only arm) RXO 6 16 80 80 57.2 (8.9) 57.2 (8.9) 32.5 (4.0) 32.5 (4.0) Moderate Chuang 1992 (n = 32) RXO 8 15 56.3 56.3 52.1 (14.4) 52.1 (14.4) 25.7 (4.4)* 25.7 (4.4)* High Chandalia 2000 (n = 26) RXO 6 26 7.7 7.7 61 (9) 61 (9) 32.3 (3.9) 32.3 (3.9) High Jenkins 2002 (n = 46) RXO 12 15 30.4 30.4 63.0 (4.8) 63.0 (4.8) 26.7 (5.3) 26.7 (5.3) High Feldheim 2003 (n = 19) RCT 8 6 NR NR NR NR NR NR Moderate Lu 2004 (n = 30) RXO 5 15 60 60 60.0 (7.7) 60.0 (7.7) 28.1 (3.5) 28.1 (3.5) Moderate Cho 2005 (n = 30) RCT 8 4 53.3 53.3 57.2 (10.1) 57.1 (11.2) 23.4 (2.3) 23.7 (1.5) High Ziai 2005 (n = 36) RCT 8 10.2 NR NR 53.6 (8.1) 51.9 (10.1) 27.5 (3.5) 26.6 (4.6) High Ikem 2007 (n = 52) RCT 8 40 41.1 54.3 58.2 (8.8) 57.6 (6.3) 24.5 (3.4) 23.8 (3.3) High -
↵* Calculated from reported height and weight values.
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NR, not reported; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RXO, randomized crossover trial.
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