Glycemic Control Patterns and Kidney Disease Progression among Primary Care Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

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Figure 1.
Examples of measures for patterns of fluctuation in glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Area under the curve for glycosylated hemoglobin versus time above 7% (top), approximately 7% (center), and the area difference (bottom).
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Figure 2.
Decline in mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by race and sex, 1998 to 2008.

Table 1.

Mean Baseline and Change Statistics by Race and Sex

SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosolated hemoglobin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACEIs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; CKD, chronic kidney disease.

Table 2.

Linear Regression Model of Significant Predictors of Change in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate

Explanatory Variable	Fitted Coefficient	95% Confidence Limits
Age	0.40	0.15, 0.66
Baseline HbA1c	1.63	0.73, 2.53
Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate	0.47	0.40, 0.54
HbA1c readings (n)	−0.81	−1.08, −0.55
Mean systolic blood pressure	0.47	0.32, 0.62
Proportion of HbA1c readings >7%	−8.15	−13.64, −2.66

Table 3.

Logistic Regression Model of Significant Predictors of Worsening by One or More Chronic Kidney Disease Stages

Explanatory Variable	Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Limits)
Age	1.037 (1.009, 1.056)
Duration of diabetes in years	1.164 (1.061, 1.276)
Mean systolic blood pressure	1.026 (1.012, 1.039)
HbA1c decrease	1.083 (1.017, 1.154)
Average excess of HbA1c >7%	1.173 (1.031, 1.335)