Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Survey distribution and patient eligibility.
Tables
Characteristic N (Prevalence [%]) Phase I* (48 participants) Female 26 (54) Male 22 (46) Age (years)† 21–29 8 (17) 30–39 13 (27) 40–49 8 (17) 50–59 16 (33) 60–65 3 (6) Clinic 1 24 (50) Clinic 2 24 (50) Race/ethnicity White/Caucasian 37 (77) Black 2 (4) Asian 3 (6) Latino/Hispanic 2 (4) Other 3 (6) Phase 2* (261 participants) Female 152 (58) Male 109 (42) Age (years)‡ 21–29 77 (30) 30–39 74 (28) 40–49 49 (19) 50–59 50 (19) 60–65 11 (4) Clinic 1 137 (52) Clinic 2 124 (48) Race/ethnicity (n = 259) White/Caucasian 208 (80) Black 5 (2) Asian 12 (5) Latino/Hispanic 12 (5) Other 19 (63) Years of schooling§ — BMI category‖ Underweight (<18.5) 7 (3) Normal weight (18.5–24.49) 91 (35) Overweight (24.5–29.49) 85 (33) Obese (≥29.5) 78 (30) * Combined data from clinic 1 and clinic 2.
† Mean age, 42.6 ± 12.1 years.
‡ Mean age, 38.4 ± 11.7 years.
§ Mean, 15.7 ± 3.4 years.
‖ Body mass index (n = 261) calculated from height and weight measurements taken on the same day as the survey. All measurements were recorded in inches and pounds (BMI = [height2 / weight] × 703). Mean BMI, 27.7 ± 7.2.
Question One-Day/Week Recall† Typical Recall† Restaurant and fast food 0.49 times yesterday, .74 (0–5) 2.44 times per week, 1.95 (0–8) Beverage with sugar added 1.54 times yesterday, 1.78 (0–8) 1.97 times per day, 2.13 (0–11) Fruits and vegetables 3.36 times yesterday, 2.41 (1–12) 3.91 times per day, 2.20 (1–13) Breakfast NA 4.76 times per week, 2.43 (0–7) Full portion size NA 2.97*, 1.76 (0–6) Physical activity 3.01 times last week, 2.05 (0–7) 3.12 times per week, 1.91 (0–7) * For the question regarding consumption of full portion-size meal, the value zero corresponds to “never” wheras the value 7 corresponds to “always.” Otherwise, all numeric values correspond to the frequency of behavior for the given time period.
† Data shown as mean, SD (range).
- Table 3.
Change in Body Mass Index Associated with Reported Eating and Physical Activity Behaviors*
Question One-Day or One-Week Recall (Coefficient of Change [CI]) Typical Recall (Coefficient of Change [CI]) Restaurant and fast food 1.05 (−0.20–2.30) 0.33 (−0.16–0.81) Beverage with sugar added −0.29 (−0.23–0.81) 0.61 (0.17–1.04) Fruits and vegetables† −0.27 (−2.12–1.58) −0.39 (−2.21–1.42) Breakfast — −0.24 (−0.63–0.15) Full portion size — 0.44 (−0.07–0.95) Physical activity −0.19 (−0.57–0.20) −0.91 (−1.39 to −0.44) * Based on multivariate linear regression analysis of body mass index, adjusted for age, gender/sex, race/ethnicity, and years of schooling.
† Represents change in body mass index with eating fruits and/or vegetables more than 3 times a day.
- Table 4.
Odds of Overweight and Obesity Associated with Reported Eating Behaviors and Physical Activity*
Screening Questions Overweight† Obese† Restaurant and fast food 1-day recall 0.75 (0.47–1.20) 1.35 (0.85–2.15) Typical recall 1.05 (0.87–1.25) 1.00 (0.84–1.19) Beverage with sugar added 1-day recall 0.89 (1.74–1.07) 1.04 (0.87–1.25) Typical recall 0.86 (0.74–1.01) 1.13 (0.97–1.31) Fruits and vegetables‡ 1-day recall 0.55 (0.28–1.08) 1.60 (0.83–3.10) Typical recall 0.54 (0.28–1.03) 1.48 (0.78–2.81) Breakfast Typical recall 1.06 (0.92–1.21) 0.92 (0.82–1.03) Full portion size Typical recall 0.81 (0.66–1.00) 1.34 (1.09–1.67) Physical activity 1-day recall 1.13 (0.95- 1.32) 0.85 (0.72–1.00) Typical recall 1.30 (1.08–1.57) 0.71 (0.59–0.87) * Based on logistic regression of overweight and obesity with each eating behavior adjusted for age, gender/sex, race/ethnicity, and years of schooling. Each individual cell represents a distinct model for the logistic regression of overweight or obese, respectively, with a specific question.
† Data shown as odds ratio (CI).
‡ Represents odds associated with eating fruits and/or vegetables more than 3 times a day.
- Table 5.
Odds of Overweight and Obesity with Mutual Adjustment for Reported Eating Behaviors and Physical Activity*
Screening Questions Overweight† Obese† Restaurant and fast food 1-day recall 0.67 (0.35–1.28) 1.50 (0.80–2.83) Typical recall 1.11 (0.88–1.41) 0.98 (0.77–1.24) Beverage with sugar added Typical recall 0.91 (0.74–1.12) 1.03 (0.84–1.27) Fruits and vegetables‡ Typical recall 0.39 (0.18–0.83) 2.28 (1.05–4.97) Breakfast Typical recall 1.07 (0.91–1.26) 0.92 (0.78–1.09) Full portion size Typical recall 0.78 (0.62–0.99) 1.47 (1.15–1.89) Physical activity Typical recall 1.34 (1.10–1.65) 0.69 (0.56–0.85) * Based on logistic regression of Overweight and Obesity with behaviors adjusted for age, gender/sex, race/ethnicity, schooling, physical activity and other eating behaviors. Each column represents a logistic regression model of Overweight or Obese, respectively, with all questions included.
† Data shown as odds ratio (CI).
‡ Represents odds associated with eating fruits and/or vegetables more than 3 times a day.
Type of Question Questions Possible Answers Restaurant and fast food 1-day recall How many times did you eat restaurant or fast food yesterday (for example, Chili's, McDonalds, Burger King, etc)? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >7 Typical recall How many times do you typically eat restaurant or fast food in one week (for example, Chili's, McDonalds, Burger King, etc)? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >7 Beverage with sugar added 1-day recall How many times did you drink juice yesterday (for example, orange juice, apple juice, Sunny Delight)? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >7 How many cans of non-diet soda pop did you drink yesterday (for example, Coke, Pepsi, Sprite)? Typical recall How many times do you typically drink juice in one day (for example, orange juice, apple juice, Sunny Delight)? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >7 How many cans of non-diet soda pop do you typically drink in one day (for example, Coke, Pepsi, Sprite)? Fruits and vegetables 1-day recall How many times did you eat vegetables yesterday (for example, broccoli, spinach, greens, salad, etc)? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >7 How many times did you eat fruit yesterday (for example, an apple, an orange, a hand full of grapes, etc)? Typical recall How many times do you typically eat vegetables in one day (for example, broccoli, spinach, greens, salad, etc)? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >7 How many times do you typically eat fruit in one day (for example, an apple, an orange, a hand full of grapes, etc)? Breakfast Typical recall How many times do you typically eat breakfast in 1 week (7 days)? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >7 Portion size Typical recall When eating restaurant food, do you eat all of the food served to you at one time? Never Rarely Occasionally Sometimes Often Usually Always Physical activity 1-week recall How many days during the past week have you performed physical activity where your heart beats faster and you are breathing harder than normal for 30 minutes or more (in three 10-minute bouts or one 30-minute bout)? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >7 Typical recall How many days in a typical week have you performed activity such as this (see above)? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >7
