Characteristics of Diabetics with Poor Glycemic Control Who Achieve Good Control

Article Figures & Data

Table 1.

Patient Characteristics by Glycemic Control

	Entire Cohort (n = 2,962)	Well-controlled Diabetes (n = 1,232)	Poorly Controlled Diabetes (n = 1,730)	P
Age (mean years ± SD)	63.9 ± 10.3	63.2 ± 10.2	64.5 ± 10.4	<.001
Gender (% men)	47.1	52	43.8	<.001
Place of birth (%)				NS
Israel	19	18.1	19.7
Europe	32.3	32.8	32
Africa	25.6	25.1	26
Asia	22.1	22.7	21.6
America	0.9	1.3	0.7
Low socioeconomic status (%)	37	30.3	41.9	<.001
Other chronic diagnosis (average) (n [median])	3.8 (3)	3.7 (3)	3.9 (3)	NS
Death during last year of follow-up (%)	6.9	6.8	6.9	NS

Table 2.

Physician and Clinic Characteristics by Glycemic Control*

	Entire Cohort (n = 2,962)	Well-controlled Diabetes (n = 1,232)	Poorly Controlled Diabetes (n = 1,730)	P
Primary care clinics (n = 132)
Clinic size (%)
Small	15.1	16	14.5	<.001
Intermediate	49.7	59.2	42.8
Large	35.2	24.8	42.7
Primary care physician (n = 249)
Board-certified physician	43.4%	44%	43%	NS
Female	55.7%	56%	55.4%	NS
Age (years) (mean)	47.6	47.3	47.7	NS
Years since graduation (mean)	23.2	22.6	23.5	NS
Years in Clalit Health Service (mean)	15.1	14.9	15.3	NS
Birthplace (%)				NS
Former USSR	61.1	58.1	63
Israel	18.9	21.3	17.4
Rumania	10.5	10.9	10.3
Argentina	3.5	3.2	3.7
USA	3.4	3.4	3.4
Other	2.5	3.1	2.1
Location of medical school (%)				NS
Former USSR	59.2	56.5	60.8
Israel	17.9	19.9	16.8
Rumania	9.5	9.6	9.5
Italy	4.9	4.9	4.9
Other	8.4	9	7.9
Clinic manager (%)	19.3	22	17.2	.001
Changed primary care physician (%)	29.7	27.7	31.1	.044

Table 3.

Diabetes Follow-up by Glycemic Control

	Entire Cohort (n = 2,962)	Well-controlled Diabetes (n = 1,232)	Poorly Controlled Diabetes (n = 1,730)	P
Ophthalmologist visit 2001 (%)	54.1	54.5	53.8	NS
Ophthalmologist visit 2004 (%)	57.9	55.5	59.6	.025
LDL cholesterol examination 2001 (%)	81.5	82.7	80.6	NS
LDL cholesterol examination 2004 (%)	85.5	82.8	87.3	<.001
Average LDL cholesterol 2001 (mg%)	118.6 ± 35.2	116.6 ± 35.1	120.1 ± 36.7	.01
Average LDL cholesterol 2004 (mg%)	107.1 ± 34.4	103.1 ± 31.2	109.8 ± 36.1	<.001
Urine microalbumine examination in 2004 (%)	70.8	68.2	72.6	.009

Table 4.

Patient Costs by Glycemic Control

	Entire Cohort (n = 2,962)	Well-controlled Diabetes (n = 1,232)	Poorly Controlled Diabetes (n = 1,730)	P
Patients hospitalized in 2001 (%)	25.7	26.4	25.1	NS
Average drug cost 2001^* (US$)	408 ± 766 (225)	440 ± 957 (225)	388 ± 599 (225)	NS
Average total patient cost 2001^* (median)	1793 ± 3646 (429)	1885 ± 3875 (422)	1738 ± 3496 (438)	NS
Patients hospitalized 2004 (%)	33.3	31.1	34.9	.033
Average drug cost 2004 (median)	634 ± 1338 (374)	647 ± 1209 (323)	625 ± 1423 (376)	NS
Average total patient cost 2004 (median)	2265 ± 4014 (622)	2157 ± 4008 (534)	2342 ± 4018 (687)	NS
Log total patient cost 2004				.075