Article Figures & Data
Tables
Panic Disorder PTSD Minor Depression Major Depression Alcohol Use Disorder GAD Any Depression Disorder Any Anxiety Disorder Any Mental Health Condition Percent of the total sample 9.8 14.6 9.5 13.8 16.7 8.3 23.2 26.7 42.3 Sex (%) P .11 .07 .76 .52 .16 .24 .47 .73 .70 Female 61.1 12.0 11.9 9.7 15.0 14.7 10.0 24.5 19.8 40.1 Male 38.9 6.7 19.2 8.8 12.5 20.4 6.2 21.2 21.3 38.1 Age* (%) P .30 .96 .59 .04 .80 .21 .22 .88 .89 18–30 37.7 11.8 11.6 9.9 8.3 18.2 7.3 18.2 18.0 36.8 31–44 31.6 8.4 19.2 10.7 13.5 16.4 3.3 24.1 23.2 41.2 45–64 25.1 11.0 17.1 8.7 23.1 13.3 16.9 31.5 24.4 40.9 65+ 5.6 0 0 5.0 5.3 25.0 0 10.0 0 30.0 Race (%) P .10 .57 .006 .40 .02 .52 .17 .35 .46 White 40.1 13.9 15.4 3.6 15.2 20.0 7.9 18.6 22.1 37.3 Black 46.8 6.4 13.3 14.1 11.1 10.6 7.9 25.2 17.8 37.4 Other 12.2 11.4 20.0 13.3 17.8 25.6 13.5 31.1 27.3 46.8 Education* (%) P <.001 .002 0.01 <.001 .43 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <High school graduate 16.6 19.0 24.1 15.3 29.8 19.6 21.2 44.1 32.8 56.7 High school graduate or equivalent 58.9 10.0 15.7 9.6 13.5 17.1 7.1 23.1 22.4 41.2 Some college or more 24.6 2.4 5.8 3.4 3.5 14.6 3.5 7.0 6.8 20.2 Annual Income* (%) P .02 .19 .01 <.001 .59 .01 <.001 .004 <.001 <$15,000 42.6 13.3 17.8 11.8 23.0 21.0 12.9 34.7 29.4 51.2 $15,000–30,000 26.1 6.5 9.7 10.3 9.0 9.2 5.6 19.2 14.5 32.1 >$30,000 31.4 4.4 11.8 2.2 6.5 19 3.5 8.7 13.8 27.4 Insurance (%) P .01 .15 .47 .27 .20 <.001 .16 <.001 .57 State/free care 19.9 14.7 18.8 9.9 18.6 15.9 19.7 28.2 25.4 42.3 Medicaid 44.6 12.7 16.8 11.5 14.3 13.6 8.0 25.6 25.0 40.4 Medicare/other 35.5 3.3 9.8 7.2 10.4 21.6 2.6 17.6 11.1 35.4 P values from the χ2 test for categorical values and from the Maentel-Haenszel test of trend for ordinal variables (education, income, age) are indicated across the rows of each demographic category. Significant P values shown in bold text. PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; GAD, generalized anxiety disorder.
* P values from the χ2 test for categorical values and from the Maentel-Haenszel test of trend for ordinal variables (education, income, age) are indicated across the rows of each demographic category.
- Table 2.
The Association Between Mental Health Condition and Self-Reported Health Care Utilization With the Presence of a Chronic Medical Condition
Odds Ratio 95% CI Mental Health Condition Generalized anxiety disorder 1.61 0.73–3.55 Panic disorder 1.11 0.55–2.26 Posttraumatic stress disorder 1.21 0.66–2.22 Minor depression 1.69 0.83–3.44 Major depression 2.53 1.35–4.71 Alcohol use disorder 0.85 0.48–1.49 Any depression disorder 2.34 1.42–3.87 Any anxiety disorder 1.51 0.89–2.56 Any mental health condition 1.69 1.10–2.58 Health Care Utilization (prior year) PCP visit (2 or more visits vs 1 or none) 1.29 0.83–1.99 ED visit (any visits vs zero) 1.44 0.92–2.23 Nonpsychiatric hospitalization (any visits vs zero) 1.75 0.97–3.15 MHC visit (any visits vs zero) 0.76 0.39–1.46 PCP, primary care provider; ED, emergency department; MHC, mental health center. Bolded values are statistically significant.
PCP Visit ED Visit Nonpsychiatric Hospitalization MHC Visit Sex P† .88 .77 .22 .26 Female 65.7 43.1 21.3 16.7 Male 65.0 44.8 15.6 12.0 Age P* .22 .78 .09 .63 18–30 61.0 43.6 14.7 13.9 31–44 67 43.1 16.7 14.6 45–64 66 49.4 27.0 17.6 65+ 75 23.5 18.8 5.6 Race P† .002 .02 .46 .26 White 70.6 36.6 21.9 18.6 Black 66.5 52.8 15.9 11.8 Other 42.6 40.5 17.1 11.8 Education P* .13 <.001 <.001 .003 <High school graduate 75.0 56.0 29.8 33.3 High school graduate or equivalent 62.9 48.4 21.1 10.4 Some college 61.8 25.9 7.5 11.8 Annual Income P* .46 .02 .43 .57 <$15,000 63.6 46.4 17.8 16.4 $15,000-$30,000 64.6 45.1 27.7 10.6 >$30,000 68.4 30.4 12.8 13.8 Insurance P† .69 .02 .38 .71 State/free care 61.1 54.7 23.3 13.6 Medicaid 65.2 47.8 19.7 16.7 Medicare/other 67.2 34.2 15.0 13.2 P values are indicated across the rows of each demographic category; significant P values are indicated in bold.
* P values from the Maentel-Haenszel test of trend for ordinal variables (education, income, age).
† P values from the χ2 test for categorical values.
PCP, primary care provider; ED, emergency department; MHC, mental health center.
- Table 4.
Statistically Significant Associations Between Mental Health Conditions and Self-Reported Health Care Utilization in Prior Year, Adjusted for Demographic Variables and Chronic Conditions
Estimate Odds Ratio 95% CI PCP visits (1 vs 2 or more) Any depression disorder 0.78 2.19 1.09–4.39 ED visits (zero vs any) Posttraumatic stress disorder 0.93 2.54 1.20–5.40 Alcohol use disorder 0.75 2.12 1.08–4.18 Any anxiety disorder 0.73 2.08 1.09–3.96 MHC visits (zero vs any) Generalized anxiety disorder 1.32 3.75 1.26–11.18 Panic disorder 1.68 5.34 1.87–15.27 Posttraumatic stress disorder 1.24 3.46 1.43–8.34 Major depression 1.39 4.03 1.63–9.99 Alcohol use disorder 1.01 2.74 1.18–6.36 Any depression disorder 1.56 4.76 2.02–11.21 Any anxiety disorder 1.47 4.34 1.89–10.01 Any mental health condition 1.22 3.39 1.54–7.47 PCP, primary care provider; ED, emergency department; MHC, mental health center.
- Table 5.
Statistically Significant Associations Between Mental Health Conditions and Self-Reported Health Care Utilization in Prior Year, Adjusted for Demographic Variables, Chronic Conditions, and Mental Health Center Visits
Estimate Odds Ratio 95% CI Hospitalization (zero vs any) Any mental health condition 0.93 2.54 1.14–5.63 ED visits (zero vs any) Posttraumatic stress disorder 1.01 2.74 1.26–5.95 Any mental health condition 0.75 2.11 1.18–3.80 Alcohol use disorder 0.91 2.48 1.18–5.19 Any anxiety disorder 0.86 2.37 1.19–4.72 ED, emergency department.
- Table 6.
Change in Self-Reported Health Care Utilization Associated with Mental Health Conditions, Adjusted for Demographic Variables, Chronic Conditions, and Mental Health Center Visits by Poisson Regression Analysis
PCP Visit ED Visit Nonpsychaitric Hospitalization MHC Visit Change in visits (%) P Change in visits (%) P Change in visits (%) P Change in visits (%) P Generalized anxiety disorder 28 .002 122 <.001 235 <.001 523 <.001 Panic disorder 23 .01 69 .003 343 <.001 13 .71 PTSD 32 <.001 72 <.001 148 <.001 492 <.001 Minor depression 103 <.001 20 .17 23 .69 29 .11 Major depression 7 .16 28 .07 7 .61 575 <.001 Alcohol use disorder -16 .01 33 .03 238 <.001 148 <.001 Any depression disorder 58 <.001 30 .03 13 .7 487 <.001 Any anxiety disorder 9 .1 71 <.001 203 <.001 357 <.001 Any mental health condition 30 <.001 8 .11 59 .02 225 <.001 PCP, primary care provider; ED, emergency department; MHC, mental health center; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder. Bolded values are statistically significant.
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