Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Algorithm for evaluation and management of low back pain.
- Figure 2.
Sensory dermatomes of the lower extremities.
Tables
Uncomplicated low back pain Disc degeneration Uncomplicated sciatica Myofascial pain Fracture Spinal stenosis Spinal instability Facet arthropathy Infection Neoplasms Referred pain Ischemia Visceral organ pain Congenital deformity Neuropathic pain Peripheral Central Complex regional pain syndrome Fibromyalgia Psychogenic pain Litigation-associated pain Exaggeration reaction Somatization disorders Pseudoaddiction Drug diversion Mechanism of onset Location of symptoms Duration of pain Character of pain Neurologic Constitutional Behavioral Medical illness Prior surgery/back pain Lifestyle/trauma Legal/disability issues Pharmacologic Systems review - Table 3.
Important Components of the Physical Examination in the Evaluation of Low Back Pain
Inspection Muscle symmetry Skin Palpation Bone Spinous process Sacroiliac joint Hip and pelvis Muscles Trigger points Range of motion Axial load Extension with rotation Special tests Abdomen Rectal exam Pelvic exam - Table 4.
Important Components of the Neurologic Examination in the Evaluation of Low Back Pain
Sensory exam Touch Attention to dermatomes Motor exam Strength Gait (heel/toe) Muscle tone/bulk Posture/stance Deep tendon reflexes Special tests Dural signs Straight leg raise Crossed straight leg raise Waddell signs
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- Article
- Abstract
- Definitions
- Prevalence and Natural History
- Differential Diagnosis
- Current Standards of Care
- Evaluation of the Patient with a Diagnosis of Low Back Pain
- Management of the Patient with Low Back Pain
- Confounding Factors in the Evaluation and Management of Low Back Pain
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- Notes
- References
- Figures & Data
- References
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