Research ArticleArticle

Evaluation and Treatment of Low Back Pain in Family Practice

Peter A. Rives and Alan B. Douglass
The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice November 2004, 17 (suppl 1) S23-S31; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.17.suppl_1.S23

References

  1. ↵
    Hart LG, Deyo RA, Cherkin DC. Physician office visits for low back pain. Frequency, clinical evaluation, and treatment patterns from a U.S. national survey. Spine 1995; 20: 11–9.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  2. ↵
    Deyo RA, Cherkin D, Conrad D, Volinn E. Cost, controversy, crisis: low back pain and the health of the public. Annu Rev Public Health 1991; 12: 141–56.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. ↵
    Gatchel RJ, Gardea MA. Psychosocial issues: their importance in predicting disability, response to treatment, and search for compensation. Neurol Clin 1999; 17: 149–66.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. ↵
    Zarkowska E, Philips HC. Recent onset vs. persistent pain: evidence for a distinction. Pain 1986; 25: 365–72.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  5. ↵
    Bartleson JD. Low back pain. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2001; 3: 159–68.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  6. ↵
    Frymoyer JD. Back pain and sciatica. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 291–300.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  7. ↵
    Nachemson AL. Newest knowledge of low back pain. A critical look. Clin Orthop 1992; Jun: 8–20.
  8. ↵
    Research on low back pain and common spinal disorders [monograph on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health [cited 2004 Aug 23]. Available from: http://grants2.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-97-058.html
  9. ↵
    Burton AK, Tillotson M, Main CJ, Hollis S. Psychosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble. Spine 1995; 20: 722–8.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  10. ↵
    Cassidy JD, Carroll L, Cote P, Berglund A, Nygren A. Low back pain after traffic collisions: a population-based cohort study. Spine 2003; 28: 1002–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  11. ↵
    Anderssen GBJ. The epidemiology of spinal disorders. In: Frymoyer JW, editor. The adult spine: principles and practice. New York: Raven Press; 1997. p. 93–141.
  12. ↵
    Murphy PL, Volinn E. Is occupational low back pain on the rise? Spine 1999; 24: 691–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  13. ↵
    van Dieen JH, Selen LP, Cholewicki J. Trunk muscle activation in low-back pain patients, an analysis of the literature. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2003; 13: 333–51.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. ↵
    Maigne JY, Vautravers P. Mechanism of action of spinal manipulative therapy. Joint Bone Spine 2003; 70: 336–41.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  15. ↵
    McCullough JA, Snook D, and Weiner BK. Differential diagnosis of low back pain. In: Tollison CD, Satterthwaite JR, Tollison J editors. Practical pain management. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. p. 389–410.
  16. ↵
    Thorson DC, Campbell R, Kuko O, et al. Health care guideline: adult low back pain. 9th ed. [monograph on the Internet]. Bloomington (MN): Institute Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI); 2003 [cited 2004 Aug 23]. Available from: http://www.icsi.org/display_file.asp?FileId=138&title=Adult%20Low%20Back%20Pain
  17. ↵
    Clinical guidelines for the management of acute low back pain [monograph on the Internet]. London: The Royal College of General Practitioners; 2001 [cited 2004 Aug 23]. Available from: http://www.rcgp.org.uk/clinspec/guidelines/backpain/
  18. ↵
    Low back pain and sciatica in primary care. Clinical practice guideline [monograph on the Internet]. Washington (DC): Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs; 1999 [cited 2004 Aug 23]. Available from: http//www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/LBP/LBP_Base.htm
  19. ↵
    Hadjistavropoulos HD, Craig KD. Acute and chronic low back pain: cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994; 62: 341–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  20. ↵
    Greene G. ‘Red flags’: essential factors in recognizing serious spinal pathology. Man Ther 2001; 6: 253–5.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  21. ↵
    Fernandez M, Carrol CL, Baker CJ. Discitis and vertebral osteomyelitis in children: an 18-year review. Pediatrics 2000; 105: 1299–304.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  22. ↵
    Wurtz R, Quader Z, Simon D, Langer B. Cervical tuberculous vertebral osteomyelitis: case report and discussion of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16: 806–8.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  23. ↵
    Pincus T, Vlaeyen JW, Kendall NA, Von Korff MR, Kalauokalani DA, Reis S. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychosocial factors in low back pain: directions for the future. Spine 2002; 27: E133–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. ↵
    Macfarlane TV, Kincey J, Worthington HV. The association between psychological factors and orofacial pain: a community-based study. Eur J Pain 2002; 6: 427–34.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  25. Rotheram-Borus MJ. Variations in perceived pain associated with emotional distress and social identity in AIDS. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2000; 14: 659–65.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  26. Haufler AJ, Feuerstein M, Huang GD. Job stress, upper extremity pain and functional limitations in symptomatic computer users. Am J Ind Med 2000; 38: 507–15.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  27. ↵
    Hudgins WR. The crossed straight leg raising test: a diagnostic sign of herniated disc. J Occup Med 1979; 21: 407–8.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  28. ↵
    Waddell G, McCulloch JA, Kummel E, Venner RM. Nonorganic physical signs in low-back pain. Spine 1980; 5: 117–25.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  29. ↵
    Gaines WG Jr., Hegmann KT. Effectiveness of Waddell’s nonorganic signs in predicting a delayed return to regular work in patients experiencing acute occupational low back pain. Spine 1999; 24: 396–400; discussion 401.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  30. ↵
    Boden SD, Davis DO, Dina TS, Patronas NJ, Wiesel SW. Abnormal magnetic-resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects. A prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990; 72: 403–8.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  31. ↵
    Jensen MC, Brant-Zawadzki MN, Obuchowski N, Modic MT, Malkasian D, Ross JS. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 69–73.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  32. ↵
    Staiger TO, Paauw DS, Deyo RA, Jarvik JG. Imaging studies for acute low back pain: when and when not to order them. Postgrad Med 1999; 105: 161–76.
  33. ↵
    Deyo RA, Diehl AK. Cancer as a cause of back pain: frequency, clinical presentation, and diagnostic strategies. J Gen Intern Med 1988; 3: 230–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  34. ↵
    Boccadoro M, Pileri A. Diagnosis, prognosis, and standard treatment of multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1997; 11: 111–31.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  35. ↵
    van den Hoogen HM, Koes BW, van Eijk JT, Bouter LM. On the accuracy of history, physical examination, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in diagnosing low back pain in general practice: a criteria-based review of the literature. Spine 1995; 20: 318–27.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  36. ↵
    Monig H, Marquardt D, Arendt T, Kloehn S. Limited value of elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate as an indicator of malignancy. Fam Pract 2002; 19: 436–8.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  37. ↵
    Lurie JD, Gerber PD, Sox HC. A pain in the back. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 723–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  38. ↵
    Nolla JM, Ariza J, Gomez-Vaquero C, et al. Spontaneous pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis in nondrug users. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2002; 31: 271–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  39. ↵
    Meyers SP, Wiener SN. Diagnosis of hematogenous pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis by magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 683–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  40. ↵
    Portenoy RK. Current pharmacotherapy of chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000; 19(1 Suppl): S16–20.
    OpenUrl
  41. ↵
    Deyo RA. Drug therapy for back pain: which drugs help which patients? Spine 1996; 24: 2840–50.
    OpenUrl
  42. ↵
    Browning R, Jackson JL, O’Malley PG. Cyclobenzaprine and back pain: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 1613–20.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  43. ↵
    Schnitzer TJ. Non-NSAID pharmacologic treatment options for the management of chronic pain. Am J Med 1998; 105: 45S–52S.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  44. Aronson MD. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, traditional opioids, and tramadol: contrasting therapies for the treatment of chronic pain. Clin Ther 1997; 19: 420–32; discussion 367–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  45. Raffa RB. Pharmacology of oral combination analgesics: rational therapy for pain. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001; 26: 257–64.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  46. Nicholson B. Responsible prescribing of opioids for the management of chronic pain. Drugs 2003; 63: 17–32.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  47. ↵
    Jamison RN, Raymond SA, Slawsby EA, Nedeljkovic SS, Katz NP. Opioid therapy for chronic noncancer back pain: a randomized prospective study. Spine 1998; 23: 2591–600.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  48. ↵
    American Pain Society. Principles of analgesic use in the treatment of acute pain and cancer pain. 4th ed. Glenview (IL): American Pain Society; 1999.
  49. ↵
    Beers MH. Explicit criteria for determining potentially inappropriate medication use by the elderly. An update. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 1531–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  50. ↵
    Slipman CW, Chow DW. Therapeutic spinal corticosteroid injections for the management of radiculopathies. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2002; 13: 697–711.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  51. ↵
    Carette S, Leclaire R, Marcoux S, et al. Epidural corticosteroid injections for sciatica due to herniated nucleus pulposus. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1634–40.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  52. ↵
    Seaman DR, Cleveland C 3rd. Spinal pain syndromes: nociceptive, neuropathic, and psychologic mechanisms. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1999; 22: 458–72.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  53. Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, Hengehold DA, Abeln SB, Weingand KW. Continuous low-level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003; 84: 329–34.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  54. Constant F, Collin JF, Guillemin F, Boulange M. Effectiveness of spa therapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. J Rheumatol 1995; 22: 1315–20.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  55. ↵
    Cherkin DC, Deyo RA, Battié M, Street J, Barlow W. A comparison of physical therapy, chiropractic manipulation, and provision of an educational booklet for the treatment of patients with low back pain. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1021–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  56. ↵
    Hagen KB, Hilde G, Jamtvedt G, Winnem MF. The Cochrane review of bed rest for acute low back pain and sciatica. Spine 2000; 25: 2932–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  57. ↵
    Malmivaara A, Hakkinen U, Aro T, et al. The treatment of acute low back pain—bed rest, exercises, or ordinary activity? N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 351–5.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  58. ↵
    Harris GR, Susman JL. Managing musculoskeletal complaints with rehabilitation therapy: summary of the Philadelphia Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on musculoskeletal rehabilitation interventions. J Fam Pract 2002; 51: 1042–6.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  59. ↵
    Faas A. Exercises; which ones are worth trying, for which patients and when? Spine 1996; 21: 2874–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  60. ↵
    Glaser JA, Baltz MA, Nietert PJ, Bensen CV. Electrical muscle stimulation as an adjunct to exercise therapy in the treatment of nonacute low back pain: a randomized trial. J Pain 2001; 2: 295–300.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  61. ↵
    Meng CF, Wang D, Ngeow J, Lao L, Peterson M, Paget S. Acupuncture for chronic low back pain in older patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 42: 1508–17.
  62. ↵
    Deyo RA, Walsh NE, Martin DC, Schoenfeld LS, Ramamurthy S. A controlled trial of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and exercise for chronic low back pain. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1627–34.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  63. ↵
    Cohen JE, Goel V, Frank JW, Bombardier C, Peloso P, Guillemin F. Group interventions for people with low back pain: an overview of the literature. Spine 1994; 19: 1214–22.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  64. ↵
    Atkinson JH, Slater MA, Wahlgren DR, et al. Effects of noradrenergic and serotonergic antidepressants on chronic low back pain intensity. Pain 1999; 83: 137–45.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  65. ↵
    Berman BM, Jonas W, Swyers JP. Issues in the use of complementary/alternative medical therapies for low back pain. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 1998; 9: 497–513.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  66. ↵
    Phillips WR, Haynes DG. The domain of family practice: scope, role, and function Fam Med 2001; 33: 273–7.66.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools

Jump to section