Addressing Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Focus on Dyslipidemia

References

1. ↵
   American Heart Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2003 update [monograph on the Internet]. Dallas (TX): American Heart Association; 2003 [cited 2003 Dec 8]. Available from: http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1040391091015HDS_Stats_03.pdf.
2. ↵
   Mosca L, Jones WK, King KB, Ouyang P, Redberg RF, Hill MN, for the American Heart Association Women’s Heart Disease and Stroke Campaign Task Force. Awareness, perception, and knowledge of heart disease risk and prevention among women in the United States. Arch Fam Med 2000; 9: 506–15.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. ↵
   Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al., for the Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321–33.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
4. ↵
   Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al., for the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998; 280: 605–13.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. ↵
   Lewis SJ, Sacks FM, Mitchell JS, et al., for The CARE Investigators. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in women after myocardial infarction: the cholesterol and recurrent events (CARE) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 140–6.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
6. ↵
   Basaria S, Dobs AS. Treatment of hyperlipidemia in women. Int J Fertil Womens Med 2000; 45: 22–33.

   OpenUrlPubMed
7. ↵
   Kudenchuk PJ, Maynard C, Martin JS, Wirkus M, Weaver WD. Comparison of presentation, treatment, and outcome of acute myocardial infarction in men versus women (the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Registry). Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 9–14.

   OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
8. ↵
   Goldberg RJ, O’Donnell C, Yarzebski J, Bigelow C, Savageau J, Gore JM. Sex differences in symptom presentation associated with acute myocardial infarction: a population-based perspective. Am Heart J 1998; 136: 189–95.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
9. ↵
   Alexander KP, Peterson ED. Medical and surgical management of coronary artery disease in women. Am J Manag Care 2001; 7: 951–6.

   OpenUrlPubMed
10. Kyker KA, Limacher MC. Gender differences in the presentation and symptoms of coronary artery disease. Curr Womens Health Rep 2002; 2: 115–9.

    OpenUrlPubMed
11. DeVon HA, Zerwic JJ. The symptoms of unstable angina: do women and men differ? Nurs Res 2003; 52: 108–18.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
12. ↵
    Miller M, Byington R, Hunninghake D, Pitt B, Furberg CD, for the Prospective Randomized Evaluation of the Vascular Effects of Norvasc Trial (PREVENT) Investigators. Sex bias and underutilization of lipid-lowering therapy in patients with coronary artery disease at academic medical centers in the United States and Canada. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 343–7.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
13. ↵
    Shaw LJ, Miller DD, Romeis JC, Kargl D, Younis LT, Chaitman BR. Gender differences in the noninvasive evaluation and management of patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 559–66.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
14. ↵
    Schrott HG, Bittner V, Vittinghoff E, Herrington DM, Hulley S, for the HERS Research Group. Adherence to National Cholesterol Education Program Treatment goals in postmenopausal women with heart disease: the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS). JAMA 1997; 277: 1281–6.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. ↵
    Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002; 106: 3143–3421.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
16. ↵
    Clearfield M, Downs JR, Weis S, et al. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS): efficacy and tolerability of long-term treatment with lovastatin in women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2001; 10: 971–81.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
17. Miettinen TA, Pyörälä K, Olsson AG, et al., for the Scandinavian Simvastatin Study Group. Cholesterol-lowering therapy in women and elderly patients with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris: findings from the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation 1997; 96: 4211–8.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
18. Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1349–57.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
19. ↵
    Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 7–22.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. ↵
    Mosca L, Manson JE, Sutherland SE, Langer RD, Manolio T, Barrett-Connor E. Cardiovascular disease in women: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 1997; 96: 2468–82.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
21. ↵
    Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 1016–37.
22. ↵
    Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA. Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence. Prev Med 1991; 20: 47–63.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
23. ↵
    Lee RT, Libby P. The unstable atheroma. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 1859–67.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
24. ↵
    Writing Group for the PEPI Trial T. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 1995; 273: 199–208.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
25. ↵
    Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 1701–12.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
26. ↵
    Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 2432–40.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
27. ↵
    Pearson TA, Blair SN, Daniels SR, et al. AHA Guidelines for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: 2002 Update: Consensus Panel Guide to Comprehensive Risk Reduction for Adult Patients Without Coronary or Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Diseases. Circulation 2002; 106: 388–91.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
28. ↵
    Mosca L, Appel LJ, Benjamin EJ, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Circulation 2004; 109: 672–93.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
29. ↵
    Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al., for the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA 1998; 279: 1615–22.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
30. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
31. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al., for the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1301–7.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
32. ↵
    Wenger NK. Hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors in women. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 94s–9s.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
33. Blake GJ, Otvos JD, Rifai N, Ridker PM. Low-density lipoprotein particle concentration and size as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as predictors of cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation 2002; 106: 1930–7.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
34. Carr MC, Kim KH, Zambon A, et al. Changes in LDL density across the menopausal transition. J Investig Med 2000; 48: 245–50.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
35. ↵
    Castelli WP, Garrison RJ, Wilson PWF, Abbott RD, Kalousdian S, Kannel WB. Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Framingham Study. JAMA 1986; 256: 2835–8.

    OpenUrl
36. ↵
    Castelli WP. Epidemiology of triglycerides: a view from Framingham. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 3H–9H.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
37. ↵
    Castelli WP, Anderson K, Wilson PWF, Levy D. Lipids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study. Ann Epidemiol 1992; 2: 23–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
38. ↵
    Bass KM, Newschaffer CJ, Klag MJ, Bush TL. Plasma lipoprotein levels as predictors of cardiovascular death in women. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 2209–16.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
39. ↵
    Hokanson JE, Austin MA. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc Risk 1996; 3: 213–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
40. ↵
    Shlipak MG, Simon JA, Vittinghoff E, et al. Estrogen and progestin, lipoprotein(a), and the risk of recurrent coronary heart disease events after menopause. JAMA 2000; 283: 1845–52.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
41. ↵
    Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. Diabetes Care 1979; 2: 120–6.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
42. ↵
    Manson JE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 1141–7.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
43. ↵
    Haffner SM. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes and coronary heart disease. Int J Clin Pract 2002; (suppl 132): 31–7.

    OpenUrl
44. ↵
    Bermudez EA, Rifai N, Buring J, Manson JE, Ridker PM. Interrelationships among circulating interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors in women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22: 1668–73.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
45. ↵
    Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 836–43.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
46. ↵
    Mosca L. C-reactive protein—to screen or not to screen? N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1615–7.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
47. ↵
    Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2003; 107: 499–511.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
48. ↵
    LaRosa JC, He J, Vupputuri S. Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1999; 282: 2340–6.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
49. ↵
    Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, et al., on behalf of the PROSPER study group. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 1623–30.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
50. ↵
    Sever PS, Dahlöf B, Poulter NR, et al., for the ASCOT investigators. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 1149–58.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
51. ↵
    Pasternak RC, Smith SC Jr, Bairey-Merz CN, Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Lenfant C. ACC/AHA/NHLBI clinical advisory on the use and safety of statins. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 567–72.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
52. ↵
    Superko HR, Krauss RM. Differential effects of nicotinic acid in subjects with different LDL subclass patterns. Atherosclerosis 1992; 95: 69–76.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
53. ↵
    The Coronary Drug Project Research Group. Clofibrate and niacin in coronary heart disease. JAMA 1975; 231: 360–81.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
54. ↵
    Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, et al., for the Coronary Drug Project Research Group. Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 8: 1245–55.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
55. ↵
    Carlson LA, Rosenhamer G. Reduction of mortality in the Stockholm Ischaemic Heart Disease Secondary Prevention Study by combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acid. Acta Med Scand 1988; 223: 405–18.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
56. ↵
    Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1583–92.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
57. ↵
    Goldberg AC. Clinical trial experience with extended-release niacin (Niaspan): dose-escalation study. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 35U–38U.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
58. ↵
    Jacobson TA, Jokubaitis LA, Amorosa LF. Fluvastatin and niacin in hypercholesterolemia: a preliminary report on gender differences in efficacy. Am J Med 1994; 96: 64S–68S.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
59. ↵
    Goldberg AC, McGovern ME, Simmons PD. Lack of gender effect in the response of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or lipoprotein (A) to extended-release niacin [oral presentation]. International Symposium on Triglycerides, Metabolic Disorders, and Cardiovascular Disease; 2003 Jul 10–13; New York, New York.
60. ↵
    Whelan AM, Price SO, Fowler SF, Hainer BL. The effect of aspirin on niacin-induced cutaneous reactions. J Fam Pract 1992; 34: 165–8.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
61. ↵
    McKenney JM, Proctor JD, Harris S, Chinchili VM. A comparison of the efficacy and toxic effects of sustained- vs immediate-release niacin in hypercholesterolemic patients. JAMA 1994; 271: 672–7.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
62. ↵
    Knopp RH, Alagona P, Davidson M, et al. Equivalent efficacy of a time-release form of niacin (Niaspan) given once-a-night versus plain niacin in the management of hyperlipidemia. Metabolism 1998; 47: 1097–1104.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
63. ↵
    Pieper JA. Understanding niacin formulations. Am J Manag Care 2002; 8(12 suppl): S308–S314.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
64. ↵
    Omar MA, Wilson JP. FDA adverse event reports on statin-associated rhabdomyolysis. Ann Pharmacother 2002; 36: 288–95.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
65. ↵
    Fruchart JC, Duriez P, Staels B. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activators regulate genes governing lipoprotein metabolism, vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 1999; 10: 245–57.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
66. ↵
    Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1237–45.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
67. ↵
    Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al., for the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 410–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
68. ↵
    Robins SJ, Collins D, Wittes JT, et al., for the VA-HIT study group. Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events. VA-HIT: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285: 1585–91.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
69. ↵
    BIP Study Group. Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Circulation 2000; 102: 21–7.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
70. ↵
    Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study Investigators. Effect of fenofibrate on progression of coronary-artery disease in type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study, a randomised study. Lancet 2001; 357: 905–10.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
71. ↵
    Davidson MH. Combination therapy for dyslipidemia: safety and regulatory considerations. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90(Suppl): 50K–60K.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
72. ↵
    Bays HE, Moore PB, Drehobl MA, et al., for the Ezetimibe Study Group. Effectiveness and tolerability of ezetimibe in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: pooled analysis of two phase II studies. Clin Ther 2001; 23: 1209–30.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
73. ↵
    Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA 1984; 251: 365–74.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
74. ↵
    Blankenhorn DH, Nessim SA, Johnson RL, Sanmarco ME, Azen SP, Cashin-Hemphill L. Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA 1987; 257: 3233–40.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
75. ↵
    Donovan JM, Stypinski D, Stiles MR, Olson TA, Burke SK. Drug interactions with colesevelam hydrochloride, a novel, potent lipid-lowering agent. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2000; 14: 681–90.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
76. ↵
    Mosca LJ. Optimal management of cholesterol levels and the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. Am Fam Physician 2002; 65: 217–26.

    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
77. ↵
    Dujovne CA, Ettinger MP, McNeer JF, et al., for the Exetimibe Study Group. Efficacy and safety of a potent new selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor. ezetimibe, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 1092–7.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
78. ↵
    Davignon J, Roederer G, Montigny M, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of pravastatin, nicotinic acid and the two combined in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1994; 73: 339–45.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
79. ↵
    Kane JP, Malloy MJ, Ports TA, Phillips NR, Diehl JC, Havel RJ. Regression of coronary atherosclerosis during treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia with combined drug regimens. JAMA 1990; 264: 3007–12.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
80. ↵
    Kashyap ML, McGovern ME, Berra K, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of a once-daily niacin/lovastatin formulation in patients with dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 672–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
81. ↵
    Bays HE, Dujovne CA, McGovern ME, et al. Comparison of once-daily niacin extended-release/lovastatin with standard doses of atorvastatin and simvastatin (the Advicor Versus Other Cholesterol-Modulating Agents Trial Evaluation [ADVOCATE]). Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 667–72.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
82. ↵
    Murdock DK, Murdock AK, Murdock RW, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of combination gemfibrozil and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for the treatment of mixed lipid disorders. Am Heart J 1999; 138: 151–5.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
83. ↵
    Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Hatzikonstandinou HA, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term statin-fibrate combinations in patients with refractory familial combined hyperlipidemia. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80: 608–13.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
84. Iliadis EA, Rosenson RS. Long-term safety of pravastatin-gemfibrozil therapy in mixed hyperlipidemia. Clin Cardiol 1999; 22: 25–8.

    OpenUrlPubMed
85. ↵
    Shek A, Ferrill MJ. Statin-fibrate combination therapy. Ann Pharmacother 2001; 35: 908–17.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
86. ↵
    Eriksson M, Hadell K, Holme I, Walldius G, Kjellström T. Compliance with and efficacy of treatment with pravastatin and cholestyramine: a randomized study on lipid-lowering in primary care. J Intern Med 1998; 243: 373–80.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
87. ↵
    Gagne C, Bays HE, Weiss SR, et al., for the Ezetimibe Study Group. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe added to ongoing statin therapy for treatment of patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 1084–91.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
88. ↵
    Cashin-Hemphill L, Mack WJ, Pogoda JM, Sanmarco ME, Azen SP, Blankenhorn DH. Beneficial effects of colestipol-niacin on coronary atherosclerosis: a 4-year follow-up. JAMA 1990; 264: 3013–7.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
89. ↵
    Brown G, Albers JJ, Fisher LD, et al. Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1289–98.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
90. ↵
    Brown BG, Brockenbrough A, Zhao XQ, et al. Very intensive lipid therapy with lovastatin, niacin, and colestipol for prevention of death and myocardial infarction: a 10-year familial atherosclerosis treatment study (FATS) follow-up [abstract 3341]. Circulation 1998; 98(suppl I): I-635.

    OpenUrl