Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
This figure displays the interquartile range of %CDT values for subjects who were abstinent (0 drinks), moderate alcohol drinkers (1 to 89 drinks), and high-risk drinkers (90 or more drinks) in the past 30 days. The median %CDT level increases from 2.0 for abstainers, to 2.1 for moderate drinkers, and to 2.7 for heavy drinkers. A %CDT level of 2.6 or higher is used to positively identify heavy alcohol use.
- Figure 2.
Receiver operator curve for %CDT test in a sample of 799 patients with diabetes and/or hypertension and control subjects. The ROC curve plots sensitivity (true-positive) vs. 1 − specificity (false-positive) rates for the %CDT test. A case was defined as a subject who reported 90 or more standard drinks in the previous 30 days. The specificity and sensitivity will vary depending on the %CDT value selected. For example, if one selects the cut-off currently recommended, 2.6% CDT, the sensitivity is 61% and specificity is 85%. If one selects 3.0% CDT, the sensitivity decreases to 40% and the specificity increases to 97%. The area under the ROC curve = 0.803.
Tables
- Table 1.
Sociodemographics and Health Status of 799 Persons, 30 to 60 Years Old, Recruited from 8 Primary Care Clinics
Diabetic Only (n = 89) Hypertensive Only (n = 299) Both Diabetic and Hypertensive (n = 209) Neither Diabetic nor Hypertensive (n = 202) All Patients (n = 799) Gender Female 50 (56%) 146 (49%) 102 (49%) 98 (49%) 396 (50%) Male 39 (44%) 153 (51%) 107 (51%) 104 (51%) 403 (50%) Age, mean 48.5 49.8 51.7 47.9 49.7 Ethnicity White 71 (80%) 267 (89%) 177 (85%) 185 (92%) 700 (88%) African American 10 (11%) 21 (7%) 21 (10%) 13 (6%) 65 (8%) Asian 4 (4%) 5 (2%) 0 (0%) 2 (1%) 11 (1%) Hispanic 3 (3%) 5 (2%) 7 (3%) 2 (1%) 17 (2%) Other 1 (1%) 1 (0%) 4 (2%) 0 (0%) 6 (1%) Education High school or less 33 (37%) 89 (30%) 68 (33%) 53 (26%) 243 (30%) Technical school 22 (25%) 56 (19%) 44 (21%) 38 (19%) 160 (20%) College 18 (20%) 97 (32%) 58 (28%) 57 (28%) 230 (29%) Postgraduate 16 (18%) 57 (19%) 38 (18%) 54 (27%) 165 (21%) Household size 1 13 (15%) 43 (14%) 29 (14%) 23 (11%) 108 (14%) 2 37 (42%) 125 (42%) 107 (51%) 85 (42%) 354 (44%) 3 to 4 34 (38%) 106 (35%) 47 (22%) 75 (37%) 262 (33%) 5 or more 5 (6%) 24 (8%) 24 (11%) 19 (9%) 72 (9%) Marital status Married/with partner 60 (68%) 206 (69%) 136 (65%) 143 (71%) 545 (68%) Never married 12 (13%) 35 (12%) 21 (10%) 21 (10%) 89 (11%) Separated/divorced 13 (15%) 51 (17%) 44 (21%) 36 (18%) 144 (18%) Widowed 4 (4%) 7 (2%) 7 (3%) 2 (1%) 20 (3%) Health problems* Hepatitis C 0 (0%) 2 (1%) 5 (2%) 4 (2%) 11 (1%) Asthma 13 (15%) 23 (8%) 37 (18%) 15 (7%) 88 (11%) Depression 27 (30%) 79 (26%) 65 (31%) 42 (21%) 213 (27%) Anxiety 31 (35%) 83 (30%) 66 (32%) 53 (26%) 233 (29%) Elevated cholesterol 39 (44%) 94 (11%) 117 (56%) 43 (21%) 293 (37%) * Categories are not mutually exclusive.
- Table 2.
Frequency of Six Categories of Alcohol Consumption and Presence of DSM-IV Criteria for Alcohol Abuse or Dependence by Diabetes and Hypertension Status (N = 799)
Diabetic Only (n = 89) Hypertensive Only (n = 299) Both Diabetic and Hypertensive (n = 209) Neither Diabetic nor Hypertensive (n = 202) All Patients (n = 799) Alcohol consumption, past 30 days* 0 drinks 50 (56%) 115 (38%) 109 (52%) 63 (31%) 337 (42%) 1 to 29 drinks 33 (37%) 133 (44%) 82 (39%) 112 (55%) 360 (45%) 30 to 59 drinks 3 (3%) 25 (8%) 12 (6%) 17 (8%) 57 (7%) 60 to 89 drinks 1 (1%) 17 (6%) 3 (1%) 6 (3%) 27 (3%) 90 to 119 drinks 0 (0%) 3 (1%) 1 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (1%) 120+ drinks 2 (0.02%) 6 (2%) 2 (1%) 4 (2%) 14 (2%) Alcohol Abuse Current 0 (0%) 7 (2%) 6 (3%) 4 (2%) 17 (2%) Lifetime 25 (28%) 99 (33%) 74 (35%) 85 (42%) 283 (35%) None 64 (82%) 193 (65%) 119 (62%) 113 (56%) 499 (63%) DSM-IV Alcohol Dependence Current 1 (1%) 10 (3%) 8 (4%) 4 (2%) 23 (3%) Lifetime 11 (12%) 45 (15%) 25 (12%) 37 (18%) 118 (15%) None 77 (87%) 244 (82%) 176 (84%) 161 (80%) 658 (82%) * 1 standard drink = 14 g of alcohol (12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of spirits). The six consumption categories are equivalent to abstinence, <1 drink/day, 1 to 2 drinks/day, 2 to 3 drinks/day, 3 to 4 drinks/day, and 4 or more drinks/day. These categories are used in national epidemiological studies (31).
- Table 3.
Sensitivity and Specificity of %CDT in a Sample of Patients with Diabetes and/or Hypertension and Control Subjects (n = 799)
Sensitivity* (Positive %CDT/True Cases) Specificity* (Negative %CDT/True-Negatives) Diabetic 40% (2/5) 89% (260/293) Hypertensive 58% (7/12) 87% (430/496) Both diabetic and hypertensive 67% (2/3) 90% (185/206) Neither diabetic nor hypertensive 100% (4/4) 79% (154/196) All patients in study 61% (11/18) 85% (659/779) * A true case is defined as persons who reported drinking >89 drinks in the past 30 days.
