Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Weighted Means or Proportions with 95% Confidence Intervals of Study Variables, Stratified by Era and Child Special Health Care Needs (SHCN) Status (n = 147,487)
Variable Families without CSHCN Families with CSHCN Pre-Pandemic (n = 44,345) Pandemic Era (n = 69,160) P Pre-Pandemic (n = 13,582) Pandemic Era (n = 20,400) P Caregiver physical health Excellent 0.23 (0.22, 0.23) 0.22 (0.21, 0.23) 0.506 0.13 (0.12, 0.14) 0.12 (0.11, 0.13) 0.328 Very good 0.40 (0.39, 0.41) 0.40 (0.39, 0.41) 0.678 0.34 (0.32, 0.36) 0.33 (0.32, 0.35) 0.408 Good 0.29 (0.29, 0.30) 0.30 (0.29, 0.31) 0.707 0.35 (0.34, 0.37) 0.36 (0.35, 0.37) 0.624 Fair 0.07 (0.06, 0.07) 0.07 (0.07, 0.07) 0.764 0.14 (0.12, 0.15) 0.14 (0.12, 0.16) 0.357 Poor 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) 0.255 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) 0.632 Caregiver mental health Excellent 0.34 (0.33, 0.35) 0.31 (0.30, 0.31) <0.001 0.21 (0.20, 0.22) 0.18 (0.16, 0.19) <0.001 Very good 0.38 (0.37, 0.39) 0.38 (0.37, 0.39) 0.884 0.35 (0.34, 0.37) 0.33 (0.32, 0.35) 0.089 Good 0.22 (0.21, 0.23) 0.24 (0.23, 0.25) <0.001 0.31 (0.29, 0.33) 0.33 (0.32, 0.35) 0.036 Fair 0.05 (0.05, 0.06) 0.06 (0.06, 0.07) 0.001 0.11 (0.10, 0.12) 0.13 (0.12, 0.14) 0.001 Poor 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) 0.046 0.02 (0.02, 0.03) 0.03 (0.02, 0.03) 0.736 Caregiver age (years) 41.1 (40.9, 41.3) 41.1 (41.0, 41.3) 0.736 43.3 (43.0, 43.6) 43.5 (43.2, 43.7) 0.369 Caregiver born outside US 0.30 (0.29, 0.31) 0.30 (0.29, 0.31) 0.467 0.18 (0.16, 0.19) 0.19 (0.18, 0.21) 0.241 Caregiver education High school or less 0.23 (0.22, 0.24) 0.24 (0.23, 0.24) 0.578 0.21 (0.20, 0.23) 0.20 (0.19, 0.22) 0.404 Some college 0.26 (0.25, 0.27) 0.24 (0.23, 0.25) 0.001 0.30 (0.29, 0.32) 0.29 (0.28, 0.31) 0.513 Four-year college degree 0.51 (0.50, 0.52) 0.52 (0.52, 0.53) 0.031 0.49 (0.47, 0.50) 0.50 (0.49, 0.52) 0.155 Household language English 0.84 (0.83, 0.85) 0.84 (0.83, 0.84) 0.217 0.93 (0.92, 0.94) 0.91 (0.90, 0.92) 0.031 Any other language 0.16 (0.15, 0.17) 0.16 (0.16, 0.17) 0.217 0.07 (0.06, 0.08) 0.09 (0.08, 0.10) 0.031 Household structure Two parents 0.75 (0.74, 0.76) 0.74 (0.73, 0.74) 0.026 0.64 (0.62, 0.66) 0.66 (0.64, 0.67) 0.250 Single mother 0.16 (0.15, 0.17) 0.17 (0.16, 0.18) 0.021 0.24 (0.22, 0.26) 0.23 (0.21, 0.24) 0.216 Any other 0.09 (0.09, 0.10) 0.09 (0.09, 0.10) 0.701 0.12 (0.11, 0.13) 0.12 (0.11, 0.13) 0.984 Child age (years) 8.3 (8.2, 8.4) 8.2 (8.2, 8.3) 0.790 10.3 (10.2, 10.5) 10.4 (10.3, 10.6) 0.508 Child sex Female 0.51 (0.50, 0.52) 0.50 (0.50, 0.51) 0.955 0.43 (0.41, 0.44) 0.43 (0.41, 0.44) 0.924 Male 0.49 (0.48, 0.50) 0.50 (0.49, 0.50) 0.955 0.57 (0.56, 0.59) 0.57 (0.56, 0.59) 0.924 Child race and ethnicity Non-Hispanic White 0.51 (0.50, 0.52) 0.51 (0.50, 0.51) 0.869 0.54 (0.52, 0.56) 0.52 (0.51, 0.54) 0.117 Non-Hispanic Black 0.12 (0.12, 0.13) 0.12 (0.12, 0.13) 0.975 0.16 (0.15, 0.17) 0.15 (0.14, 0.17) 0.518 Hispanic or Latino 0.26 (0.25, 0.27) 0.26 (0.25, 0.27) 0.870 0.20 (0.18, 0.22) 0.23 (0.21, 0.25) 0.014 None of the above 0.11 (0.11, 0.12) 0.11 (0.11, 0.12) 0.544 0.10 (0.09, 0.11) 0.09 (0.08, 0.10) 0.335 Child health insurance Private 0.62 (0.61, 0.63) 0.62 (0.61, 0.63) 0.887 0.56 (0.54, 0.57) 0.56 (0.54, 0.57) 0.886 Public 0.27 (0.26, 0.28) 0.27 (0.26, 0.28) 0.682 0.37 (0.36, 0.39) 0.37 (0.35, 0.38) 0.646 Other 0.04 (0.03, 0.04) 0.04 (0.03, 0.04) 0.502 0.03 (0.03, 0.04) 0.03 (0.03, 0.04) 0.851 None 0.07 (0.07, 0.08) 0.07 (0.07, 0.08) 0.377 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) 0,04 (0,03, 0.05) 0.567 Child health condition limits age-typical activities Nevera 0.95 (0.95, 0.96) 0.97 (0.96, 0.97) <0.001 0.48 (0.47, 0.50) 0.51 (0.50, 0.53) 0.024 Sometimes 0.04 (0.04, 0.05) 0.03 (0.03, 0.04) <0.001 0.38 (0.36, 0.39) 0.37 (0.36, 0.39) 0.621 Often 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.193 0.08 (0.07, 0.10) 0.07 (0.06, 0.07) 0.007 Always 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.793 0.05 (0.05, 0.06) 0.05 (0.04, 0.06) 0.644 Child overall health Excellent 0.73 (0.72, 0.74) 0.74 (0.73, 0.74) 0.783 0.36 (0.35, 0.38) 0.37 (0.35, 0.38) 0.914 Very good 0.21 (0.20, 0.22) 0.21 (0.20, 0.22) 0.628 0.36 (0.35, 0.38) 0.36 (0.35, 0.38) 0.993 Good 0.05 (0.04, 0.05) 0.05 (0.04, 0.05) 0.983 0.21 (0.20, 0.23) 0.21 (0.20, 0.22) 0.759 Fair 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) 0.660 0.05 (0.04, 0.06) 0.06 (0.05, 0.07) 0.511 Poor 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) 0.143 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) 0.01 (0.00, 0.01) 0.278 Family income (% FPL) <100 0.18 (0.17, 0.19) 0.18 (0.17, 0.18) 0.675 0.22 (0.20, 0.24) 0.19 (0.17, 0.21) 0.040 100 to 199 0.22 (0.20, 0.23) 0.20 (0.20, 0.21) 0.138 0.22 (0.21, 0.24) 0.22 (0.21, 0.24) 0.885 200 to 399 0.29 (0.28, 0.30) 0.29 (0.29, 0.30) 0.260 0.26 (0.24, 0.27) 0.29 (0.27, 0.30) 0.007 400 or greater 0.32 (0.31, 0.33) 0.33 (0.32, 0.33) 0.292 0.30 (0.28, 0.31) 0.30 (0.28, 0.31) 0.704 a Includes children with no health conditions.
Abbreviations: CSHCN, children with special health care needs; FPL, Federal poverty level; US, United States.
- Table 2.
Multivariable Ordinal Logistic Regression Model of Caregiver Physical Health, with Higher Values Indicating Worse Health (n = 147,487)
Variable OR 95% CI P Child special health care needs Family without CSHCN Ref. Family with CSHCN 1.69 1.57, 1.83 <0.001 Era Pre-pandemic Ref. Pandemic 1.03 0.98, 1.08 0.323 CSHCN x pandemic era interaction 1.07 0.96, 1.19 0.205 Caregiver age (years) 1.03 1.02, 1.03 <0.001 Caregiver born outside US 0.71 0.66, 0.76 <0.001 Caregiver education High school or less Ref. Some college 0.99 0.91, 1.07 0.746 Four-year college degree 0.63 0.58, 0.68 <0.001 Household language English Ref. Any other language 0.77 0.70, 0.86 <0.001 Household structure Two parents Ref. Single mother 0.92 0.85, 0.98 0.017 Any other 0.75 0.68, 0.82 <0.001 Child age (years) 1.01 1.002, 1.01 <0.001 Child sex Female Ref. Male 0.97 0.93, 1.02 0.197 Child race and ethnicity Non-Hispanic White Ref. Non-Hispanic Black 1.04 0.96, 1.12 0.298 Hispanic or Latino 1.26 1.16, 1.36 <0.001 None of the above 1.25 1.17, 1.33 <0.001 Child health insurance Private Ref. Public 1.38 1.28, 1.48 <0.001 Other 0.98 0.86, 1.12 0.755 None 0.92 0.82, 1.04 0.171 Family income (% FPL) <100 Ref. 100 to 199 0.85 0.77, 0.93 0.001 200 to 399 0.79 0.72, 0.86 <0.001 400 or greater 0.55 0.50, 0.67 <0.001 Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CSHCN, children with special health care needs; FPL, Federal poverty level; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference; US, United States.
- Table 3.
Multivariable Ordinal Logistic Regression Model of Caregiver Mental Health, with Higher Values Indicating Worse Health (n = 147,487)
Variable OR 95% CI P Child special health care needs Family without CSHCN Ref. Family with CSHCN 1.88 1.74, 2.03 <0.001 Era Pre-pandemic Ref. Pandemic 1.20 1.15, 1.26 <0.001 CSHCN x pandemic era interaction 1.05 0.95, 1.16 0.341 Caregiver age (years) 1.00 1.00, 1.00 0.735 Caregiver born outside US 0.69 0.65, 0.75 <0.001 Caregiver education High school or less Ref. Some college 1.09 1.00, 1.18 0.042 Four-year college degree 0.92 0.85, 0.99 0.048 Household language English Ref. Any other language 0.67 0.60, 0.75 <0.001 Household structure Two parents Ref. Single mother 1.06 0.99, 1.14 0.101 Any other 0.71 0.65, 0.78 <0.001 Child age (years) 1.00 1.00, 1.01 0.216 Child sex Female Ref. Male 0.95 0.91, 0.99 0.012 Child race and ethnicity Non-Hispanic White Ref. Non-Hispanic Black 0.75 0.69, 0.81 <0.001 Hispanic or Latino 1.03 0.96, 1.11 0.418 None of the above 1.19 1.11, 1.27 <0.001 Child health insurance Private Ref. Public 1.22 1.14, 1.31 <0.001 Other 0.96 0.84, 1.09 0.534 None 0.96 0.85, 1.07 0.459 Family income (% FPL) <100 Ref. 100 to 199 0.91 0.83, 1.01 0.068 200 to 399 0.90 0.82, 0.98 0.018 400 or greater 0.69 0.62, 0.75 <0.001 Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CSHCN, children with special health care needs; FPL, Federal poverty level; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference; US, United States.
