Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Odds ratios of ever receiving an influenza vaccination for all children with asthma (reference group is non-Hispanic white patients). Abbreviation: GEE, generalized estimating equations.
- Figure 2.
Rate ratios of ever receiving an influenza vaccination for all children with asthma (Reference group is non-Hispanic white patients). Abbreviation: GEE, generalized estimating equations.
- Figure 3.
Odds ratios of ever being prescribed inhaled steroids for children with persistent asthma (reference group is non-Hispanic white patients). Abbreviation: GEE, generalized estimating equations.
- Figure 4.
Rate ratios of ever being prescribed inhaled steroids for children with persistent asthma (reference group is non-Hispanic white patients). Abbreviation: GEE, generalized estimating equations.
Tables
- Table 1.
Population Characteristics of Children with Any Asthma Diagnosis Overall and by Ethnicity/Language Concordance Groups
Overall Non-Hispanic White English-Preferring Latinx Spanish-Preferring Latinx with a non-Spanish-speaking Clinician Spanish-Preferring Latinx with a Spanish-speaking Clinician N 38,442 12,406 11,316 13,437 1283 Age at first encounter 3 to 5 18,799 (48.9) 5264 (42.4) 5319 (47.0) 7535 (56.1) 681 (53.1) 6 to 10 13,019 (33.9) 4409 (35.5) 3920 (34.6) 4278 (31.8) 412 (32.1) 11 to 17 6624 (17.2) 2733 (22.0) 2077 (18.4) 1624 (12.1) 190 (14.8) Sex Female 16,720 (43.5) 5565 (44.9) 4947 (43.7) 5673 (42.2) 535 (41.7) Male 21,722 (56.5) 6841 (55.1) 6369 (56.3) 7764 (57.8) 748 (58.3) Number of visits/year <2 14,454 (37.6) 5164 (41.6) 4458 (39.4) 4320 (32.2) 512 (39.9) 2 to 5 17,610 (45.8) 5283 (42.6) 5114 (45.2) 6626 (49.3) 587 (45.8) 6 to 10 4905 (12.8) 1452 (11.7) 1350 (11.9) 1959 (14.6) 144 (11.2) >10 1473 (3.8) 507 (4.1) 394 (3.5) 532 (4.0) 40 (3.1) Income as a percent of FPL Always ≥138% 2666 (6.9) 1262 (10.2) 779 (6.9) 592 (4.4) 33 (2.6) Above and Below 4143 (10.8) 1519 (12.2) 864 (7.6) 1506 (11.2) 254 (19.8) Always <138% 25,253 (65.7) 7232 (58.3) 7490 (66.2) 9748 (72.5) 783 (61.0) Never Documented 6380 (16.6) 2393 (19.3) 2183 (19.3) 1591 (11.8) 213 (16.6) Asthma ever on Problem List No 8697 (22.6) 2933 (23.6) 2437 (21.5) 2936 (21.9) 391 (30.5) Yes 29,745 (77.4) 9473 (76.4) 8879 (78.5) 10,501 (78.1) 892 (69.5) Albuterol ever prescribed Yes 32038 (83.3) 9965 (80.3) 9141 (80.8) 11720 (87.2) 1212 (94.5) No 6404 (16.7) 2441 (19.7) 2175 (19.2) 1717 (12.8) 71 (5.5) Bice Boxerman COC Index Low: 0-0.5 24,765 (64.4) 8269 (66.7) 6708 (59.3) 8767 (65.2) 1020 (79.5) Medium: 0.5-0.75 5446 (14.2) 1623 (13.1) 1621 (14.3) 2049 (15.2) 153 (11.9) High: >=0.75 8232 (21.4) 2514 (20.3) 2987 (26.4) 2621 (15.2) 110 (8.6) Abbreviations: COC = continuity of care; FPL = federal poverty level.
- Table 2.
Adjusted Odds and Rate Ratios of Receipt of Influenza Vaccine and Inhaled Steroid Prescriptions
Children with Any Asthma (n = 38,442), odds ratios of receiving the influenza vaccine, OR (95% CI) Overall COC 0-0.5 COC 0.5-0.75 COC 0.75-1 Non-Hispanic White Ref Ref Ref Ref English-preferring Latinxs 1.43 (1.35,1.50) 1.51 (1.41,1.62) 1.53 (1.33,1.76) 1.30 (1.16,1.45) Spanish-preferring Latinxs with a non-Spanish-speaking clinician 2.55 (2.42,2.69) 2.66 (2.49,2.84) 2.67 (2.31, 3.08) 2.28 (2.03,2.56) Spanish-preferring Latinxs with a Spanish-speaking clinician 3.22 (2.82,3.68) 3.16 (2.71,3.68) 3.96 (2.62,6.00) 2.21 (1.50,3.26) Children with Persistent Asthma (n = 5691), odds ratios of prescribed inhaled steroids, OR (95% CI) Overall COC 0-0.5 COC 0.5-0.75 COC 0.75-1 Non-Hispanic White Ref Ref Ref Ref English-preferring Latinx 0.85 (0.73,0.98) 1.06 (0.88,1.27) 1.24 (0.84,1.83) 0.48 (0.35,0.66) Spanish-preferring Latinx 1.33 (1.15,1.53) 1.30 (1.09,1.54) 1.82 (1.56,2.62) 1.07 (0.77,1.49) Children with Any Asthma (n = 38,442), rate ratios of receiving influenza vaccine, RR (95% CI) Overall COC 0-0.5 COC 0.5-0.75 COC 0.75-1 Non-Hispanic White Ref Ref Ref Ref English Speaking Latinxs 1.10 (1.02,1.20) 1.17 (1.06,1.29) 1.11 (0.90,1.37) 1.00 (0.83,1.20) Spanish-preferring Latinxs with a non-Spanish-speaking clinician 1.41 (1.31,1.52) 1.42 (1.30,1.55) 1.51 (1.26,1.82) 1.32 (1.09,1.6) Spanish-preferring Latinxs with a Spanish-speaking clinician 1.57 (1.37,1.80) 1.62 (1.39,1.88) 1.47 (0.95,2.25) 1.18 (0.67,2.09) Children with Persistent Asthma (n = 5691), rate ratios of prescribed inhaled steroids, RR (95% CI) Overall COC 0-0.5 COC 0.5-0.75 COC 0.75-1 Non-Hispanic White Ref Ref Ref Ref English-preferring Latinx 0.95 (0.85,1.07) 1.11 (0.96,1.23) 1.13 (0.82,1.56) 0.54 (0.41,0.71) Spanish-preferring Latinx 1.19 (1.07,1.32) 1.20 (1.06,1.35) 1.53 (1.14,2.05) 0.88 (0.69,1.13) Abbreviations: COC, consistent continuity of care; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; CI, confidence interval; GEE, generalized estimating equations.
Note: GEE logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, number of visits per year, asthma ever on problem list, income as a percent of the federal poverty level, albuterol prescription ever for the influenza vaccine outcome.
Total Non-Hispanic White English-Preferring Latinx Spanish-Preferring Latinx N 5691 1626 1837 2228 Age 3 to 5 2967 (52.1) 760 (46.7) 930 (50.6) 1277 (57.3) 6 to 10 1847 (32.5) 526 (32.3) 621 (33.8) 700 (31.4) 11 to 17 877 (15.4) 340 (20.9) 286 (15.6) 251 (11.3) Sex Female 2359 (41.5) 684 (42.1) 792 (43.1) 883 (39.6) Male 3332 (58.5) 942 (57.9) 1045 (56.9) 1345 (60.4) Visits per year <2 782 (13.7) 293 (18.0) 281 (15.3) 208 (9.3) 2 to 5 2272 (39.9) 692 (42.6) 772 (42.0) 808 (36.3) 5 to 10 1743 (30.6) 442 (27.2) 529 (28.8) 772 (34.6) >10 894 (15.7) 199 (12.2) 255 (13.9) 440 (19.7) Income as a percent of FPL Sometimes Above 138% 935 (16.4) 343 (21.1) 255 (13.9) 337 (15.2) Always Below 138% 3926 (69.0) 1014 (62.4) 1287 (70.1) 1625 (72.9) Never Documented 830 (14.6) 269 (16.5) 295 (16.1) 266 (11.9) Asthma ever on PL* Yes 550 (9.7) 1456 (89.5) 1662 (90.5) 2023 (90.8) No 5141 (90.3) 170 (10.5) 175 (9.5) 205 (9.2) Albuterol Prescription ever Yes 4428 (77.8) 1170 (72.0) 1343 (73.1) 1915 (86.0) No 1263 (22.2) 456 (28.0) 494 (26.9) 313 (14.0) Influenza Vaccination ever Yes 3495 (61.4) 817 (50.2) 1071 (58.3) 1607 (72.1) No 2196 (38.6) 809 (49.8) 766 (41.7) 621 (27.9) Bice Boxerman COC Index 0-0.5 (Low) 3531 (62.0) 1062 (65.3) 1004 (54.7) 1465 (65.8) 0.5-0.75 (Medium) 1300 (22.8) 355 (21.8) 560 (30.5) 385 (17.3) >=0.75 (High) 860 (15.1) 209 (12.9) 273 (14.9) 378 (17.0) Abbreviations: COC = continuity of care; FPL = Federal poverty level.
