Article Figures & Data
Tables
Characteristics Results, n (%) Children Age (n = 37) 3 years 9 (24.3) 4 years 7 (18.9) 5 years 10 (27.0) 6 years 11 (29.7) Mean = 4.6 (SD = 1.2) 37 (100) Sex (n = 37) Male 24 (64.9) Female 13 (35.1) Race (n = 37) Black 2 (5.4) Hispanic of undetermined race 10 (17.0) White 24 (64.8) Multiracial 1 (2.7) Ethnicity (n = 37) Hispanic 11 (29.7) Non-Hispanic 26 (70.3) Parent’s Demographics Education mother (n = 31) High school or less 12 (38.7) College or more 19 (61.3) Education father (n = 26) High school or less 12 (46.2) College or more 14 (53.8) Mean (SD), Range Mother’s age at time of child’s birth 27.9 (4.8), 17–40 Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation.
- Table 2.
Parental Perceptions of Child’s Weight, Nutritional Quantity/Quality, Physical Activity, Body Mass Index, and Calories and Steps Per Day
Parental Perception n (%) Child’s weight (n = 37) Underweight 0 Healthy 33 (89.2) Overweight 3 (8.1) Obese 0 No answer 1 (2.7) Amount of food child eats (n = 37) Inadequate 0 Adequate 36 (97.3) Excessive 1 (2.7) Nutritional quality of food child eats (n = 37) Poor 0 Fair 7 (18.9) Good 24 (64.9) Excellent 6 (16.2) Child’s physical activity level (n = 37) Inadequate 1 (2.7) Adequate 25 (67.6) Excessive 10 (27.0) No response 1 (2.7) Safe areas near home to play outside (n = 37) Yes 37 (100) No 0 Age-adjusted BMI percentile categories (n = 37) Underweight (<5th percentile) 1 (2.7) Healthy (5th percentile to < 85th percentile) 24 (64.9) Overweight (85th percentile to <95th percentile) 5 (13.5) Obese (≥95th percentile) 7 (18.9) BMI percentile (n = 37) 60.2 (31.5) 4 to 99 Mean (Range) Non-home cooked meals eaten per week (n = 36) 2 meals (0 to 4 meals) Hours per day child spends in front of a screen (computer, TV, phone, tablet) (n = 37) 1.6 hours (0 to 4 hours) Steps per day (n = 34)1 9450 (4205 to 14551) Calories per day2 1405 (732 to 2186) Day 1 average (n = 36) 1375 (506 to 2446) Day 2 average (n = 24) 1440 (827 to 2098) - Table 3.
Comparison of Variables in Children by Obesity Status and by Ethnicity Non-Hispanic Column for Ease of Understanding
Children without Overweight/obesity1 Children with Overweight/obesity2 Non-Hispanic Hispanic Variable n (%) n (%) P value3 n (%) n (%) P value3 Ethnicity (n = 37) Hispanic 5 (20%) 6 (50%) 0.0624 Non-Hispanic 20 (80%) 6 (50%) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Daily step average (n = 34) 10038 (2599) 8038 (2685) 0.051 9264 (2832) 9964 (2566) 0.520 Calories/day (n = 36) 1429 (387) 1369 (492) 0.980 1527 (401) 1127 (319) 0.0095 Calories/cm height/day (n = 36) 12.8 (3.54) 12.8 (4.94) 0.990 13.9 (3.96) 10.24 (2.73) 0.008 Percent of expected calories consumed/ day controlled for age, and sex6 (n = 36) 101 (27) 95 (29) 0.521 105 (27) 83 (21) 0.038 Percent of expected calories consumed/ day controlled for age, sex and activity level7 (n = 36) 106 (31) 110 (36) 0.750 113 (32) 90 (28) 0.065 Non-home cooked meals/week (n = 36) 2.02 (0.99) 1.36 (1.10) 0.079 1.96 (1.04) 1.38 (1.07) 0.146 Mom’s Age at Child’s Birth (n = 35) 28.52 (5.39) 26.75 (3.17) 0.304 28.7 (4.63) 26.2 (4.83) 0.149 Parental estimate of screen time/day (n = 37) 1.74 (0.78) 1.50 (1.07) 0.2705 1.62 (0.57) 1.78 (1.39) 0.8115 Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation.
↵1 Age-adjusted BMI percentile < 85th percentile.
↵2 Age-adjusted BMI Percentile ≥ 85th percentile.
↵3 P value refers to t test statistic unless otherwise marked.
↵4 Fisher exact test.
↵5 Wilcoxon ranked sum used due to nonnormal distributions.
↵6 Based on US Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommendations controlling for age and sex: (Actual Intake – Expected Intake)/Expected Intake × 100.
↵7 Based on USDA recommendations controlling for age, sex, and activity level: (Actual Intake – Expected Intake)/Expected Intake × 100.
