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Social Isolation Never/Rarely Sometimes Often/Always All n = 36048 (78.0%) n = 7791 (16.8%) n = 2401 (5.2%) n = 46240 (100.0%) mean ± SD, N (%) Mean ± SD, N (%) Mean ± SD, N (%) Mean ± SD, N (%) Age (mean, standard deviation) 73.1 ± 7.8 73.6 ± 9.1 73.0 ± 10.6 73.2 ± 8.2 Female 19474 (54.0) 4918 (63.1) 1587 (66.1) 25979 (56.2) Race/Ethnicity White 32709 (90.7) 6945 (89.1) 2136 (89.0) 41790 (90.4) Black/African-American 478 (1.3) 132 (1.7) 38 (1.6) 648 (1.4) Hispanic/Latinx 786 (2.2) 223 (2.9) 83 (3.5) 1092 (2.4) Asian-American 820 (2.3) 165 (2.1) 36 (1.5) 1021 (2.2) Native American/Alaska Native 47 (0.1) 10 (0.1) 7 (0.3) 64 (0.1) Hawaiian / Pacific Islander 37 (0.1) 11 (0.1) 3 (0.1) 51 (0.1) More than one race 991 (2.8) 254 (3.3) 81 (3.4) 1326 (2.9) Unknown/other 180 (0.5) 51 (0.7) 17 (0.7) 248 (0.5) Area Deprivation Index (ADI) 1 to 3 (least disadvantaged) 13683 (38.0) 2613 (33.5) 725 (30.2) 17021 (36.8) 4 to 6 12190 (33.8) 2618 (33.6) 799 (33.3) 15607 (33.8) 7 to 10 (most disadvantaged) 9591 (26.6) 2442 (31.3) 847 (35.3) 12880 (27.9) Unknown 584 (1.6) 118 (1.5) 30 (1.3) 732 (1.6) Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) 0 19066 (52.9) 3504 (45.0) 858 (35.7) 23428 (50.7) 1 5510 (15.3) 1241 (15.9) 412 (17.2) 7163 (15.5) 2+ 11472 (31.8) 3046 (39.1) 1131 (47.1) 15649 (33.8) 1+ hospital admissions 3717 (10.3) 1141 (14.6) 500 (20.8) 5358 (11.6) 1+ ED visits 6921 (19.2) 2144 (27.5) 945 (39.4) 10010 (21.6) 1+ primary care visits 28342 (78.6) 6438 (82.6) 2070 (86.2) 36850 (79.7) COVID-19 Era 2/28/13- 2/28/20: Before Pandemic Era 34102 (94.6) 7196 (92.4) 2173 (90.5) 43471 (94.0) 3/1/2020 – 2/28/21: During Pandemic Era 1946 (5.4) 595 (7.6) 228 (9.5) 2769 (6.0) Abbreviations: ED, Emergency department; SD, Standard deviation.
↵1 Results based on 46,240 Medicare members (aged 65 years or older) of Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) who completed an index Medicare Total Health Assessment (MTHA) survey between March 1, 2013, and February 28, 2021, (8 years) and had KPNW insurance in the 12 months before survey completion.
- Table 2.
Logistic Regression Results: Association of Social Isolation with Memory Loss. Unadjusted and Adjusted for Covariates
Memory Loss (vs. no Memory Loss) Total Population (Unadjusted for Study Covariates)1,2 OR (Unadjusted) 95% CI p-value Social Isolation Never/Rarely Reference Sometimes 2.56 2.42 2.70 0.0076 Often/Always 5.50 5.06 5.99 <0.0001 Total Population (Adjusted for Study Covariates)1,3,4 Memory Loss (vs. no Memory Loss) OR (Adjusted)1 95% CI p-value Social Isolation Never/Rarely Reference Sometimes 2.45 2.32 2.60 0.0298 Often/Always 5.20 4.75 5.68 <0.0001 Abbreviations: ED, Emergency department; SD, Standard deviation; OR, Odds ratio; CI, Confidence interval.
↵1 Results based on 46,240 Medicare members (aged 65 years or older) of Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) who completed an index MTHA survey between March 1, 2013, and February 28, 2021, (8 years) and had KPNW insurance in the 12 months before survey completion. Significant results are displayed in bold, italicized font.
↵2 ROC (Area Under the Curve, unadjusted for study covariates) = 0.615.
↵3 Model adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, Area Deprivation Index (ADI), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), prior hospital admissions, ED visits, primary care visits and COVID-19 Era.
↵4 ROC (Area Under the Curve, adjusted for study covariates) = 0.696.