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Brief ReportBrief Report

The Association Between Social Isolation and Memory Loss Among Older Adults

David M. Mosen, Matthew P. Banegas, Erin M. Keast and Briar L. Ertz-Berger
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine September 2022, jabfm.2022.AP.210497; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2022.AP.210497
David M. Mosen
Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland (DMM, MPB, EMK); Northwest Permanente, Continuum of Care Department, Portland, OR (BLE-B)
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Matthew P. Banegas
Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland (DMM, MPB, EMK); Northwest Permanente, Continuum of Care Department, Portland, OR (BLE-B)
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Erin M. Keast
Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland (DMM, MPB, EMK); Northwest Permanente, Continuum of Care Department, Portland, OR (BLE-B)
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Briar L. Ertz-Berger
Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland (DMM, MPB, EMK); Northwest Permanente, Continuum of Care Department, Portland, OR (BLE-B)
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Article Figures & Data

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    Table 1.

    Population Characteristics of Study Population1

    Social Isolation
    Never/RarelySometimesOften/AlwaysAll
    n = 36048 (78.0%)n = 7791 (16.8%)n = 2401 (5.2%)n = 46240 (100.0%)
    mean ± SD, N (%)Mean ± SD, N (%)Mean ± SD, N (%)Mean ± SD, N (%)
    Age (mean, standard deviation)73.1 ± 7.873.6 ± 9.173.0 ± 10.673.2 ± 8.2
    Female19474 (54.0)4918 (63.1)1587 (66.1)25979 (56.2)
    Race/Ethnicity
     White32709 (90.7)6945 (89.1)2136 (89.0)41790 (90.4)
     Black/African-American478 (1.3)132 (1.7)38 (1.6)648 (1.4)
     Hispanic/Latinx786 (2.2)223 (2.9)83 (3.5)1092 (2.4)
     Asian-American820 (2.3)165 (2.1)36 (1.5)1021 (2.2)
     Native American/Alaska Native47 (0.1)10 (0.1)7 (0.3)64 (0.1)
     Hawaiian / Pacific Islander37 (0.1)11 (0.1)3 (0.1)51 (0.1)
     More than one race991 (2.8)254 (3.3)81 (3.4)1326 (2.9)
     Unknown/other180 (0.5)51 (0.7)17 (0.7)248 (0.5)
    Area Deprivation Index (ADI)
     1 to 3 (least disadvantaged)13683 (38.0)2613 (33.5)725 (30.2)17021 (36.8)
     4 to 612190 (33.8)2618 (33.6)799 (33.3)15607 (33.8)
     7 to 10 (most disadvantaged)9591 (26.6)2442 (31.3)847 (35.3)12880 (27.9)
     Unknown584 (1.6)118 (1.5)30 (1.3)732 (1.6)
    Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI)
      019066 (52.9)3504 (45.0)858 (35.7)23428 (50.7)
      15510 (15.3)1241 (15.9)412 (17.2)7163 (15.5)
      2+11472 (31.8)3046 (39.1)1131 (47.1)15649 (33.8)
     1+ hospital admissions3717 (10.3)1141 (14.6)500 (20.8)5358 (11.6)
     1+ ED visits6921 (19.2)2144 (27.5)945 (39.4)10010 (21.6)
     1+ primary care visits28342 (78.6)6438 (82.6)2070 (86.2)36850 (79.7)
     COVID-19 Era
      2/28/13- 2/28/20: Before Pandemic Era34102 (94.6)7196 (92.4)2173 (90.5)43471 (94.0)
      3/1/2020 – 2/28/21: During Pandemic Era1946 (5.4)595 (7.6)228 (9.5)2769 (6.0)
    • Abbreviations: ED, Emergency department; SD, Standard deviation.

    • ↵1 Results based on 46,240 Medicare members (aged 65 years or older) of Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) who completed an index Medicare Total Health Assessment (MTHA) survey between March 1, 2013, and February 28, 2021, (8 years) and had KPNW insurance in the 12 months before survey completion.

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    Table 2.

    Logistic Regression Results: Association of Social Isolation with Memory Loss. Unadjusted and Adjusted for Covariates

     Memory Loss (vs. no Memory Loss)
    Total Population (Unadjusted for Study Covariates)1,2OR (Unadjusted)95% CIp-value
    Social Isolation  
     Never/RarelyReference
     Sometimes2.562.422.700.0076
     Often/Always5.505.065.99<0.0001
     Total Population (Adjusted for Study Covariates)1,3,4Memory Loss (vs. no Memory Loss)
    OR (Adjusted)195% CIp-value
    Social Isolation  
     Never/RarelyReference
     Sometimes2.452.322.600.0298
     Often/Always5.204.755.68<0.0001
    • Abbreviations: ED, Emergency department; SD, Standard deviation; OR, Odds ratio; CI, Confidence interval.

    • ↵1 Results based on 46,240 Medicare members (aged 65 years or older) of Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) who completed an index MTHA survey between March 1, 2013, and February 28, 2021, (8 years) and had KPNW insurance in the 12 months before survey completion. Significant results are displayed in bold, italicized font.

    • ↵2 ROC (Area Under the Curve, unadjusted for study covariates) = 0.615.

    • ↵3 Model adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, Area Deprivation Index (ADI), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), prior hospital admissions, ED visits, primary care visits and COVID-19 Era.

    • ↵4 ROC (Area Under the Curve, adjusted for study covariates) = 0.696.

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The Journal of the American Board of Family     Medicine: 36 (1)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 36, Issue 1
January/February 2023
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The Association Between Social Isolation and Memory Loss Among Older Adults
David M. Mosen, Matthew P. Banegas, Erin M. Keast, Briar L. Ertz-Berger
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Sep 2022, jabfm.2022.AP.210497; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2022.AP.210497

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The Association Between Social Isolation and Memory Loss Among Older Adults
David M. Mosen, Matthew P. Banegas, Erin M. Keast, Briar L. Ertz-Berger
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Sep 2022, jabfm.2022.AP.210497; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2022.AP.210497
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Keywords

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