Food Insecurity Is Associated with Vitamin B12 Deficiency: The All of Us Database

Article Figures & Data

Table 1.

Characteristics of Participants

Characteristic	No. (%)
All participants	8,989 (100)
Age, median (IQR, range)	65.9 (53.0 to 73.7, 18.9 to 88.2)
Sex
Male	3,243 (36.8)
Female	5,558 (63.2)
Missing or other	188
Race
Asian	155 (1.9)
Black or African American	684 (8.4)
White	7,137 (87.4)
Another single population	56 (0.7)
More than one population	130 (1.6)
Declined, None, Skipped, or Not Indicated	827
Ethnicity
Hispanic or Latino	567 (6.6)
Not Hispanic or Latino	8,040 (93.4)
Declined, None, Skipped	382
Metformin use
Exposed	1,354 (15.1)
Not exposed	7,635 (84.9)
Food security, experienced
Never true	8,100 (90.1)
Sometimes true	713 (7.9)
Often true	176 (2.0)
Food security, worried about
Never true	7,827 (87.1)
Sometimes true	927 (10.3)
Often true	235 (2.6)
Food insecurity, experience and worry joint distribution
Neither experienced or nor worried	7,728 (86.0)
Not experienced, but worried about	372 (4.1)
Not worried about, but experienced	99 (1.1)
Both worried and experienced	790 (8.8)

Table 2.

Regression Model for Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Experience of Food Insecurity

Variable	Bivariable or (95% CI)	Multivariable or (95% CI)
Food insecurity, experienced	1.31 (1.07-1.59; P = .007**)	1.24 (1.01-1.51; P = .037*)
Age, decades	0.93 (0.89-0.97; P < .001***)	0.92 (0.88-0.96; P < .001***)
Metformin exposed	1.06 (0.89-1.26; P = .51)	1.05 (0.88-1.25; P = .59)
Male sex	1.08 (0.95-1.23; P = .24)	1.16 (1.01-1.34; P = .030*)