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Research ArticleOriginal Research

Experiences of Transgender and Nonbinary Patients in an Academic Family Medicine Clinic

Benjamin Kaplan, Kaylee Deardorff, Chichi Zhu and Riley Smith
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine November 2024, 37 (6) 1072-1087; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2023.230445R2
Benjamin Kaplan
From the Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (BK, RS); University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC (KD, CZ).
MD, MPH
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Kaylee Deardorff
From the Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (BK, RS); University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC (KD, CZ).
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Chichi Zhu
From the Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (BK, RS); University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC (KD, CZ).
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Riley Smith
From the Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (BK, RS); University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC (KD, CZ).
MD
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Article Figures & Data

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    Figure 1.

    Conceptual model of positive TGNB patient experiences. We have identified the most commonly occurring codes throughout all focus group transcripts and free-text survey responses and arranged these into a conceptual model of TGNB patient experiences at our clinic. Codes are presented in descending order of frequency. Those labeled with an asterisk (*) occur 10 or more times; all other codes occur between three and nine times throughout the dataset.

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    Figure 2.

    Conceptual model of negative TGNB patient experiences. Codes are presented in descending order of frequency. Those labeled with an asterisk (*) occur 10 or more times; all other codes occur between three and nine times throughout the dataset, with the exception of the codes listed under noninterpersonal experiences: negative (†), all which occur between one and five times.

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    Figure 3.

    Selected participant recommendations. Participants recommend a wide range of interpersonal and systems-level interventions to improve the care of TGNB patients at our clinic, a selection of which are reproduced here. These recommendations are largely consistent with the major themes explored in Figures 1 and 2.

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    Table 1.

    Participant Demographics

    Demographic CategorySurvey n (%)Focus group n (%)
    Gender
     Transgender woman/trans-feminine33 (41%)8 (40%)
     Transgender man/trans-masculine29 (36%)8 (40%)
     Non-binary or genderqueer19 (23%)4 (20%)
     Total respondents8120
    Race*
     American Indian2 (3%)—
     Biracial/Multiracial7 (9%)—
     Black/African American5 (6%)—
     Latinx/Hispanic2 (3%)2 (10%)
     Middle Eastern/North African1 (1%)—
     White/European American63 (79%)18 (90%)
     Total respondents8020
    Age†
     18 to 24 years29 (36%)4 (20%)
     25 to 44 years40 (49%)13 (65%)
     45 to 64 years12 (15%)3 (15%)
     Total Respondents8120
    • *No participants identified as Asian/Asian American, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, or “other race,” despite these being offered as potential responses.

    • †No participants identified as 65+ years old, despite this being offered as a potential response.

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    Table 2.

    Comparison of Mean Patient Satisfaction Scores and “Top Box” Percentages Between Study Participants and General Clinic Population

    QuestionParticipant Mean*All-Clinic MeanP-value†Participant Top Box%††All-Clinic Top Box %P-value§
    Satisfaction with clinician’s explanation of medical condition91.496.2 <0.0169.51%90.58%<0.01
    Satisfaction with clinician’s concern for patient’s questions/worries92.296.87<0.0175.6%92.17%<0.01
    Satisfaction with clinician’s efforts to include patient in decision-making92.496.110.0374.07%90.50%<0.01
    Satisfaction with clinician’s explanation of treatment options/decisions9395.940.0675%89.53%<0.01
    Likelihood of recommending clinician to another patient9395.280.1976.82%87.93%<0.01
    • *Mean score calculated by multiplying Likert mean score (on 1-5 scale) by 20.

    • †Participant mean compared to All-clinic mean using single sample t test.

    • ††“Top box %” represents the percentage of respondents who selected the highest possible score, i.e. 5/5 (“very good”).

    • §Participant and All-clinic top box percentages compared using χ2 test.

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The Journal of the American Board of Family     Medicine: 37 (6)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 37, Issue 6
November-December 2024
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Experiences of Transgender and Nonbinary Patients in an Academic Family Medicine Clinic
Benjamin Kaplan, Kaylee Deardorff, Chichi Zhu, Riley Smith
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Nov 2024, 37 (6) 1072-1087; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2023.230445R2

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Experiences of Transgender and Nonbinary Patients in an Academic Family Medicine Clinic
Benjamin Kaplan, Kaylee Deardorff, Chichi Zhu, Riley Smith
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Nov 2024, 37 (6) 1072-1087; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2023.230445R2
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Keywords

  • Access to Care
  • Community Health Care
  • Community-Based Participatory Research
  • Family Medicine
  • Focus Groups
  • Gender-Affirming Care
  • Health Disparities
  • Health Equity
  • LGBTQ
  • Minority Health
  • Patient Participation
  • Primary Health Care
  • Qualitative Research
  • Surveys and Questionnaires
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