Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Two-way interactions between (A) early pandemic versus prepandemic and (B) late pandemic versus prepandemic and patient demographic characteristics for receipt of long-term opioid therapy.
Tables
- Table 1.
Characteristics of Patients with Chronic Pain Related Diagnoses and Long-Term Opioid Therapy Prescriptions
Patients with Chronic Pain Patients Receiving Long-Term Opioid Therapy Prepandemic Early Pandemic Late Pandemic Prepandemic Early Pandemic Late Pandemic Characteristics n = 2,8325 n = 2,2079 n = 2,1016 n = 1,513 n = 1,176 n = 1,248 Age (years) <65 18,849 (66.5%) 14,278 (64.7%) 13,056 (62.1%) 996 (65.8%) 790 (67.2%) 805 (64.5%) >=65 9,476 (33.5%) 7,801 (35.3%) 7,960 (37.9%) 517 (34.2%) 386 (32.8%) 443 (35.5%) Gender Female 17,014 (60.1%) 13,091 (59.3%) 12,513 (59.5%) 879 (58.1%) 652 (55.4%) 715 (57.3%) Male 11,307 (39.9%) 8,987 (40.7%) 8,502 (40.5%) 634 (41.9%) 524 (44.6%) 533 (42.7%) Race White 21,539 (76.0%) 16,676 (75.5%) 15,833 (75.3%) 1,175 (77.7%) 892 (75.9%) 913 (73.2%) American Indian or Alaska Native 320 (1.1%) 268 (1.2%) 243 (1.2%) 25 (1.7%) 15 (1.3%) 17 (1.4%) Asian 1,921 (6.8%) 1,546 (7.0%) 1,517 (7.2%) 38 (2.5%) 34 (2.9%) 41 (3.3%) Black or African American 2,773 (9.8%) 2,308 (10.5%) 2,219 (10.6%) 209 (13.8%) 187 (15.9%) 231 (18.5%) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 167 (0.6%) 124 (0.6%) 118 (0.6%) 7 (0.5%) 5 (0.4%) 5 (0.4%) Mixed race 235 (0.8%) 209 (0.9%) 192 (0.9%) 21 (1.4%) 20 (1.7%) 22 (1.8%) Refused or unknown 1,370 (4.8%) 948 (4.3%) 894 (4.3%) 38 (2.5%) 23 (2.0%) 19 (1.5%) Ethnicity Hispanic or Latino 3,716 (13.1%) 3,021 (13.7%) 2,893 (13.8%) 86 (5.7%) 57 (4.8%) 67 (5.4%) Not Hispanic or Latino 23,232 (82.0%) 18,137 (82.1%) 17,462 (83.1%) 1,342 (88.7%) 1,081 (91.9%) 1,165 (93.3%) Refused or unknown 1,377 (4.9%) 921 (4.2%) 661 (3.1%) 85 (5.6%) 38 (3.2%) 16 (1.3%) Rurality Rural 6,386 (22.5%) 5,979 (27.1%) 5,716 (27.2%) 434 (28.7%) 415 (35.3%) 382 (30.6%) Urban 21,591 (76.2%) 15,977 (72.4%) 15,192 (72.3%) 1,054 (69.7%) 745 (63.4%) 854 (68.4%) Revised Charlson Comorbidity, mean (S.D.) 1.80 (2.78) 1.79 (2.88) 1.76 (2.84) 3.94 (4.10) 4.22 (4.29) 3.83 (3.90) Time periods: Prepandemic included May 2019–February 2020; early pandemic included March 2020-December 2020; and late pandemic included January 2021–October 2021.
Rurality: This was calculated using the Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes defining urban as 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 2.1, 3.0, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1 and 10.1, and other codes as rural.
Revised Charlson Comorbidity Index: The index is commonly used as a standardized measure of the burden of preexisting medical conditions in individuals and assigns a score for specific diseases based on their association with estimated yearly total costs of care that is then summed for an overall index score.
