Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Self-Reported Characteristics of Study Participants by Past 30-Day Sedative Drug Use Status, n = 4,732
Characteristics Total (n = 4,732)
n (%)Past 30-Day
Sedative Non-Use
N = 4,366
n (%)Past 30-Day
Sedative Use
N = 366
n (%)p-Value Veteran status Veteran 1,014 (21) 867 (20) 147 (40) <0.0001 Non-veteran 3,718 (79) 3,499 (80) 219 (60) Chronic pain (back pain or osteoarthritis) 2,307 (49) 2,038 (47) 269 (74) <0.0001 Age <50 years 2,585 (55) 2,441 (56) 144 (39) <0.0001 ≥50 years 2,144 (45) 1,923 (44) 221 (61) Race Black 2,730 (58) 2,583 (59) 147 (40) <0.0001 White 1,669 (35) 1,475 (34) 194 (53) Other* 333 (7) 308 (7) 25 (7) Education <High school 1,075 (23) 1,013 (23) 62 (17) 0.0057 ≥High school 3,647 (77) 3,343 (77) 304 (83) Employment Employed 1,615 (34) 1,539 (35) 76 (21) <0.0001 Unemployed 3,087 (66) 2,800 (65) 287 (79) Marital status Married 923 (20) 856 (20) 67 (18) 0.5436 Other** 3,794 (80) 3,496 (80) 298 (82) Food insecurity 2,183 (46) 1,971 (45) 212 (58) <0.0001 Health insurance 2,586 (55) 2,349 (54) 237 (65) <0.0001 Annual health checkup 2,943 (62) 2,657 (61) 286 (78) <0.0001 ED visits in past 6 months (at least 1 ED visit) 1,417 (30) 1,227 (28) 190 (52) <0.0001 Insomnia 1,128 (24) 941 (22) 187 (51) <0.0001 Anxiety 994 (21) 751 (17) 243 (67) <0.0001 Depression 1,202 (26) 961 (22) 241 (66) <0.0001 Other drug use (past 30 days) Prescription opioid use 543 (11) 414 (9) 129 (35) <0.0001 Marijuana use 1,083 (23) 991 (23) 92 (25) 0.2861 High risk alcohol use 1,415 (30) 1,307 (30) 108 (30) 0.8637 Other illicit drugs (cocaine/heroin) 162 (3) 130 (3) 32 (9) <0.0001 Other* = Asian, American Indian/Alaskan native, native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander.
Other** = never married, separated, divorced, or widowed.
Abbreviation: ED, emergency department.
- Table 2.
Adjusted Odds of Past 30-Day Prescription Sedative Use Among Community-Dwelling Adult Males in Florida, n = 4,732
Variable Model 1 (Controlled for Chronic Pain and Veteran Status) Model 2 (Significant Factors from Model 1 + Sociodemographic Factors) Model 3 (Significant Factors from Model 2 + Health Conditions, Health Care Utilization, and Drug Use) Model 4 (Model 3 + Interaction Term Veteran Status*Chronic Pain) Past 30-Day Sedative Use (vs no Use) aOR (95% CI) Past 30-Day Sedative Use (vs no Use) aOR (95% CI) Past 30-Day Sedative Use (vs no Use) aOR (95% CI) Past 30-Day Sedative Use (vs no Use) aOR (95% CI) Veteran status Nonveteran Ref Ref Ref Veteran 2.24 (1.79 – 2.82) 1.88 (1.47 – 2.42) 1.67 (1.28 – 2.18) 1.52 (0.92 – 2.53) Chronic pain (back pain or osteoarthritis) No Ref Ref Ref Yes 2.84 (2.22 – 3.63) 2.43 (1.89 – 3.14) 1.42 (1.07 – 1.88) 1.37 (0.98 – 0.91) Socio-demographic factors Age group <50 Ref ≥50 1.15 (0.90 – 1.47) Eliminated Eliminated Race White Ref Black 0.51 (0.40 – 0.64) 0.75 (0.58 – 0.98) 0.75 (0.58 – 0.98) Other* 0.74 (0.47 – 1.17) 0.84 (0.51 – 1.38) 0.83 (0.51 – 1.37) Education <High school Ref ≥High school 1.33 (0.99 – 1.79) Eliminated Eliminated Employment Unemployed Ref Ref Ref Employed 0.66 (0.50 – 0.88) 0.94 (0.70 –1.27) 0.94 (0.70 –1.27) Marital status Other** Ref Married 0.84 (0.63 – 1.13) Eliminated Eliminated Food insecurity No Ref Yes 1.41 (1.12 – 1.78) 1.05 (0.81 –1.37) 1.06 (0.81 –1.38) Health, health care utilization, and drug use Health insurance No Ref Ref Yes 1.39 (1.06 – 1.83) 1.40 (1.06 – 1.83) Annual checkup No Ref Ref Yes 1.77 (1.31 – 2.39) 1.76 (1.31 – 2.38) ED visits (at least one visit in past 6 months) No Ref Ref Yes 1.40 (1.09 – 1.81) 1.40 (1.09 – 1.81) Insomnia No Ref Ref Yes 1.41 (1.08 –1.83) 1.41 (1.08 –1.83) Anxiety No Ref Ref Yes 4.65 (3.46 – 6.24) 4.65 (3.46 – 6.24) Depression No Ref Ref Yes 1.94 (1.44 – 2.63) 1.95 (1.44 – 2.63) Prescription opioid use (past 30-day) No Ref Ref Yes 3.46 (2.61 –4.59) 3.47 (2.62 –4.60) High risk alcohol use (past 30-day) No Ref Ref Yes 0.99 (0.75 –1.31) 0.99 (0.75 –1.31) Marijuana use (past 30-day) No Ref Ref Yes 1.02 (0.76 –1.38) 1.02 (0.76 –1.38) Illicit drug use (cocaine or heroin) (past 30-day) No Ref Ref Yes 2.33 (1.42 – 3.83) 2.35 (1.42 – 3.86) Interaction termveteran status * chronic pain Nonveteran and No chronic pain Ref Veteran and No chronic pain 1.52 (0.92 – 2.53) Nonveteran and chronic pain 1.37 (0.98 – 1.91) Veteran and chronic pain 2.08 (1.02 – 4.27) Other* = Asian, American Indian/Alaskan native, native Hawaiian/pacific islander.
Other** = never married, separated, divorced, widowed.
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department; CI, confidence interval; aOR, adjusted odds ratio.
