Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Characteristics of Community Health Centers (CHCs) by Provision of Prenatal Care, 2018-2019
All CHCs CHCs Providing Longitudinal Prenatal Carea CHCs Providing Occasional Prenatal Careb CHCs Providing No Prenatal Care p-Value Total number of community health centers, N 408 168 (41%) 53 (13%) 187 (46%) Health Center Size Number (SD) Number (SD) Number (SD) Number (SD) Annual visit volume 13,380 (16,582) 22,214 (21,361) 9211 (7911) 6627 (7296) <0.001 Number active patients per year 2728 (2943) 4402 (3606) 2217 (1721) 1370 (1412) <0.001 Health Center Structure & Location Number (%) Number (%) Number (%) Number (%) Presence of multidisciplinary teamc 304 (74.5) 145 (86.3) 37 (69.8) 122 (65.2) 0.004 Participation in Title X 58 (14.2) 37 (22.0) 8 (15.1) 13 (7.0) <0.001 Provision of care to persons aged 0 to 18d 310 (75.9) 161 (95.8) 41 (77.3) 108 (57.7) <0.001 Rural locatione 21 (5.1) 6 (3.6) 3 (5.7) 12 (6.4) 0.014 Region of the U.S.f <0.001 West 192 (47.1) 91 (54.2) 22 (41.5) 79 (42.2) Midwest 51 (12.5) 23 (13.7) 7 (13.2) 21 (11.2) Northeast 46 (11.3) 23 (13.7) 7 (13.2) 16 (8.6) Southeast 119 (29.2) 31 (18.5) 17 (32.1) 71 (38) Aggregate Demographic Characteristics Mean % (SD) Mean % (SD) Mean % (SD) Mean % (SD) Proportion female patients of reproductive age (15 to 44) 31.0 (15.2) 33.6 (13.4) 34.1 (20.3) 27.9 (14.7) <0.001 Proportion patients with income <138% FPL 68.5 (20.9) 68.4 (20.0) 71.9 (18.1) 67.7 (22.5) <0.001 Proportion non-white patients 25.7 (23.2) 26.2 (23.7) 25.5 (24.3) 25.5 (22.9) <0.001 Proportion Latinx patients 33.0 (28.2) 36.9 (26.9) 36.1 (29.9) 28.7 (28.4) <0.001 Proportion patients with non-English language preference 25.4 (22.1) 30.1 (21.4) 28.5 (24.4) 20.4 (21.2) <0.001 Proportion patients with Medicaid 49.2 (23.2) 56.8 (19.2) 51.6 (19.5) 41.8 (25.2) <0.001 Proportion patients with no insurance 33.0 (23.6) 28.8 (16.9) 27.3 (22.7) 38.5 (27.5) <0.001 ↵a Longitudinal prenatal care defined as more than 1 prenatal visit per pregnancy.
↵b Occasional prenatal care defined as never more than 1 prenatal visit per pregnancy.
↵c Multidisciplinary team defined as clinic with additional specialty providers such as social workers, psychologists, dentists, physical therapists, and medical specialists in addition to traditional primary care providers.
↵d Care of pediatric patients defined as ambulatory encounters with >100 patients under age 18 per year.
↵e Defined by 2010 rural-urban commuting area codes.
↵f Regions defined by US census bureau, no participating clinics from pacific region (Alaska/Hawaii).
Abbreviations: FPL, federal poverty limit; SD, standard deviation.
- Table 2.
Characteristics of Pregnant Patients at Community Health Centers (CHCs) During Each Completed Pregnancy*, 2018-2019
Total Pregnancies Seen at all CHCs Pregnancies Receiving Longitudinal CHC Prenatal Care Pregnancies NOT Receiving Longitudinal CHC Prenatal Care p-Value Total number pregnancies (%) 28,578 26,244 (92%) 2334 (8%) Total number unique patients (%) 28,064 25,989 (92%) 2309 (8%) Pregnancy Characteristics Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Age at delivery 28.4 (6.1) 28.4 (6.1) 28.4 (6.1) 0.284 Total # prenatal visits 9.2 (6.6) 10.0 (6.3) 0.8 (0.4) <0.001 Total # postpartum visits 1.9 (1.7) 2.0 (1.7) 1.6 (1.2) <0.001 Patient Demographic Characteristics Number (% of pregnancies) Number (% of pregnancies) Race White 16,676 (58.2) 15,500 (59.1) 1176 (50.4) <0.001 Black 6002 (20.9) 5444 (20.7) 558 (23.9) Other 2913 (10.1) 2553 (9.7) 360 (15.4) Missing 3053 (10.6) 2800 (10.7) 253 (10.8) Ethnicity Latinx 14,583 (50.9) 13,817 (52.6) 766 (32.8) <0.001 Not Latinx 13,039 (45.5) 11,580 (44.1) 1459 (62.5) Missing 1022 (3.6) 900 (3.4) 122 (5.2) Primary language English 16,348 (57.1) 14,677 (55.9) 1671 (71.6) <0.001 Spanish 9748 (34.0) 9322 (35.5) 426 (18.3) Other 2462 (8.6) 2217 (8.4) 245 (10.5) Missing 86 (0.3) 81 (0.3) 5 (0.2) Income <138% FPL 20,337 (71.0) 18,608 (70.9) 1729 (74.1) <0.001 Health insurance status‡ Medicaid 21,808 (76.1) 19,831 (75.6) 1977 (84.7) <0.001 Private Insurance 3528 (12.3) 3441 (13.1) 87 (3.7) Uninsured 3308 (11.6) 3025 (11.5) 283 (12.1) Pre-pregnancy Comorbidities Number (% of pregnancies) Number (% of pregnancies) Diabetes 237 (0.8) 208 (0.8) 29 (1.2) 0.023 Hypertension 448 (1.6) 409 (1.6) 39 (1.7) 0.691 Mental health disorder 3898 (13.6) 3587 (13.7) 311 (13.3) 0.598 Substance use disorder 968 (3.4) 872 (3.3) 96 (4.1) 0.047 Tobacco use 730 (2.6) 651 (2.5) 79 (3.4) 0.009 Charlson comorbidity index <0.001 0 23,502 (82.1) 21,526 (82.0) 1976 (84.7) 1 2955 (10.3) 2789 (10.6) 166 (7.1) 2+ 2178 (7.6) 1982 (7.6) 205 (8.8) Pregnancy-related Comorbidities Number (% of pregnancies) Number (% of pregnancies) Gestational diabetes 514 (1.8) 493 (1.9) 21 (0.9) 0.001 Gestational hypertension 116 (0.4) 110 (0.4) 6 (0.3) 0.235 Pre-eclampsia 173 (0.6) 165 (0.6) 8 (0.3) 0.086 ↵* Completed pregnancies defined as those with an indicator of a live birth outcome.
‡ Health insurance status measured during the last prenatal care visit.
Abbreviations: FPL, federal poverty limit; SD, standard deviation.
Code Code Description Pregnancies Patients O09.00 Supervision of pregnancy with history of infertility, unspecified trimester 3 (0) 3 (0) O09.01 Supervision of pregnancy with history of infertility, first trimester 6 (0) 6 (0) O09.02 Supervision of pregnancy with history of infertility, second trimester 5 (0) 5 (0) O09.03 Supervision of pregnancy with history of infertility, third trimester 11 (0) 11 (0) O09.10 Supervision of pregnancy with history of ectopic pregnancy, unspecified trimester 7 (0) 7 (0) O09.11 Supervision of pregnancy with history of ectopic pregnancy, first trimester 14 (0.1) 14 (0.1) O09.12 Supervision of pregnancy with history of ectopic pregnancy, second trimester 11 (0) 11 (0) O09.13 Supervision of pregnancy with history of ectopic pregnancy, third trimester 12 (0) 12 (0) O09.211 Supervision of pregnancy with history of pre-term labor, first trimester 53 (0.2) 53 (0.2) O09.212 Supervision of pregnancy with history of pre-term labor, second trimester 124 (0.5) 123 (0.5) O09.213 Supervision of pregnancy with history of pre-term labor, third trimester 133 (0.5) 130 (0.5) O09.219 Supervision of pregnancy with history of pre-term labor, unspecified trimester 36 (0.1) 34 (0.1) O09.291 Supervision of pregnancy with other poor reproductive or obstetric history, first trimester 153 (0.6) 151 (0.6) O09.292 Supervision of pregnancy with other poor reproductive or obstetric history, second trimester 198 (0.7) 194 (0.7) O09.293 Supervision of pregnancy with other poor reproductive or obstetric history, third trimester 247 (0.9) 246 (0.9) O09.299 Supervision of pregnancy with other poor reproductive or obstetric history, unspecified trimester 503 (1.9) 480 (1.8) O09.30 Supervision of pregnancy with insufficient antenatal care, unspecified trimester 417 (1.5) 406 (1.5) O09.31 Supervision of pregnancy with insufficient antenatal care, first trimester 12 (0) 12 (0) O09.32 Supervision of pregnancy with insufficient antenatal care, second trimester 949 (3.5) 937 (3.5) O09.33 Supervision of pregnancy with insufficient antenatal care, third trimester 1550 (5.7) 1528 (5.7) O09.40 Supervision of pregnancy with grand multiparity, unspecified trimester 45 (0.2) 44 (0.2) O09.41 Supervision of pregnancy with grand multiparity, first trimester 83 (0.3) 81 (0.3) O09.42 Supervision of pregnancy with grand multiparity, second trimester 184 (0.7) 180 (0.7) O09.43 Supervision of pregnancy with grand multiparity, third trimester 261 (1) 255 (1) O09.511 Supervision of elderly primigravida, first trimester 141 (0.5) 139 (0.5) O09.512 Supervision of elderly primigravida, second trimester 187 (0.7) 187 (0.7) O09.513 Supervision of elderly primigravida, third trimester 295 (1.1) 290 (1.1) O09.519 Supervision of elderly primigravida, unspecified trimester 44 (0.2) 43 (0.2) O09.521 Supervision of elderly multigravida, first trimester 906 (3.3) 888 (3.3) O09.522 Supervision of elderly multigravida, second trimester 1372 (5.1) 1353 (5.1) O09.523 Supervision of elderly multigravida, third trimester 1691 (6.2) 1670 (6.3) O09.529 Supervision of elderly multigravida, unspecified trimester 355 (1.3) 347 (1.3) O09.611 Supervision of young primigravida, first trimester 29 (0.1) 29 (0.1) O09.612 Supervision of young primigravida, second trimester 75 (0.3) 74 (0.3) O09.613 Supervision of young primigravida, third trimester 108 (0.4) 106 (0.4) O09.619 Supervision of young primigravida, unspecified trimester 21 (0.1) 20 (0.1) O09.621 Supervision of young multigravida, first trimester 24 (0.1) 23 (0.1) O09.622 Supervision of young multigravida, second trimester 20 (0.1) 19 (0.1) O09.623 Supervision of young multigravida, third trimester 44 (0.2) 44 (0.2) O09.629 Supervision of young multigravida, unspecified trimester 6 (0) 6 (0) O09.70 Supervision of high risk pregnancy due to social problems, unspecified trimester 23 (0.1) 22 (0.1) O09.71 Supervision of high risk pregnancy due to social problems, first trimester 29 (0.1) 27 (0.1) O09.72 Supervision of high risk pregnancy due to social problems, second trimester 49 (0.2) 49 (0.2) O09.73 Supervision of high risk pregnancy due to social problems, third trimester 82 (0.3) 81 (0.3) O09.811 Supervision of pregnancy resulting from assisted reproductive technology, first trimester 4 (0) 4 (0) O09.812 Supervision of pregnancy resulting from assisted reproductive technology, second trimester 2 (0) 2 (0) O09.813 Supervision of pregnancy resulting from assisted reproductive technology, third trimester 8 (0) 8 (0) O09.819 Supervision of pregnancy resulting from assisted reproductive technology, unspecified trimester 11 (0) 11 (0) O09.821 Supervision of pregnancy with history of in utero procedure during previous pregnancy, first trimester 1 (0) 1 (0) O09.891 Supervision of other high risk pregnancies, first trimester 290 (1.1) 276 (1) O09.892 Supervision of other high risk pregnancies, second trimester 559 (2.1) 543 (2) O09.893 Supervision of other high risk pregnancies, third trimester 1042 (3.8) 1018 (3.8) O09.899 Supervision of other high risk pregnancies, unspecified trimester 1045 (3.9) 1011 (3.8) O09.90 Supervision of high risk pregnancy, unspecified, unspecified trimester 844 (3.1) 817 (3.1) O09.91 Supervision of high risk pregnancy, unspecified, first trimester 1219 (4.5) 1186 (4.5) O09.92 Supervision of high risk pregnancy, unspecified, second trimester 2259 (8.3) 2196 (8.2) O09.93 Supervision of high risk pregnancy, unspecified, third trimester 3503 (12.9) 3411 (12.8) Z34.00 Encounter for supervision of normal first pregnancy, unspecified trimester 786 (2.9) 773 (2.9) Z34.01 Encounter for supervision of normal first pregnancy, first trimester 3085 (11.4) 3058 (11.5) Z34.02 Encounter for supervision of normal first pregnancy, second trimester 4583 (16.9) 4514 (16.9) Z34.03 Encounter for supervision of normal first pregnancy, third trimester 6266 (23.1) 6148 (23.1) Z34.80 Encounter for supervision of other normal pregnancy, unspecified trimester 2679 (9.9) 2627 (9.9) Z34.81 Encounter for supervision of other normal pregnancy, first trimester 6093 (22.5) 5926 (22.2) Z34.82 Encounter for supervision of other normal pregnancy, second trimester 9447 (34.8) 9194 (34.5) Z34.83 Encounter for supervision of other normal pregnancy, third trimester 12,316 (45.4) 12,027 (45.2) Z34.90 Encounter for supervision of normal pregnancy, unspecified, unspecified trimester 3675 (13.5) 3610 (13.6) Z34.91 Encounter for supervision of normal pregnancy, unspecified, first trimester 2578 (9.5) 2502 (9.4) Z34.92 Encounter for supervision of normal pregnancy, unspecified, second trimester 4467 (16.5) 4365 (16.4) Z34.93 Encounter for supervision of normal pregnancy, unspecified, third trimester 5855 (21.6) 5725 (21.5) Code Code Description Pregnancies Patients 59400 ROUTINE OBSTETRIC CARE, ANTEPARTUM CARE, VAGINAL DELIVERY, & POSTPARTUM CARE 561 (8.4) 553 (8.4) 59400 Routine obstetric care including antepartum care, vaginal delivery (with or without episiotomy, and/or forceps) and postpartum care 561 (8.4) 553 (8.4) 59409 Vaginal delivery only (with or without episiotomy and/or forceps) 705 (10.5) 675 (10.2) 59410 …including postpartum care 2702 (40.3) 2669 (40.4) 59410 VAGINAL DELIVERY ONLY (W/WO EPISIOTOMY &/OR FORCEPS); W/POSTPARTUM CARE 2702 (40.3) 2669 (40.4) 59510 Routine obstetric care including antepartum care, cesarean delivery and postpartum care 441 (6.6) 439 (6.6) 59514 Cesarean delivery only 732 (10.9) 726 (11) 59515 …including postpartum care 1484 (22.2) 1477 (22.4) 59515 CESAREAN DELIVERY ONLY; W/POSTPARTUM CARE 1484 (22.2) 1477 (22.4) 59610 ROUTINE OBSTETRIC CARE, VAGINAL DELIVERY, W/ANTEPARTUM, POSTPARTUM CARE, PREVIOUS C-SECTION 9 (0.1) 9 (0.1) 59610 Routine obstetric care including antepartum care, vaginal delivery (with or without episiotomy and/or forceps) and postpartum care, after previous cesarean delivery 9 (0.1) 9 (0.1) 59612 Vaginal delivery only, after previous cesarean delivery (with or without episiotomy and/or forceps) 40 (0.6) 37 (0.6) 59614 VAGINAL DELIVERY ONLY, PREVIOUS CESAREAN DELIVERY; W/POSTPARTUM CARE 8 (0.1) 8 (0.1) 59614 …including postpartum care 8 (0.1) 8 (0.1) 59618 ROUTINE OB CARE, ANTE/POSTPARTUM, CESAREAN DELIVERY AFTER FAILED VAG DELIVERY, PREV CESAREAN DELIVER 1 (0) 1 (0) 59618 Routine obstetric care including antepartum care, cesarean delivery and postpartum care, following attempted vaginal delivery after previous cesarean delivery 1 (0) 1 (0) 59620 Cesarean delivery only, following attempted vaginal delivery after previous cesarean delivery 5 (0.1) 5 (0.1) 59622 CESAREAN DELIVERY, AFTER FAILED VAGINAL DELIVERY, PREVIOUS CESAREAN DELIVERY; W/POSTPARTUM CARE 6 (0.1) 6 (0.1) 59622 …including postpartum care 6 (0.1) 6 (0.1) 59812 Treatment of incomplete abortion, any trimester, completed surgically 6 (0.1) 6 (0.1) 59820 Treatment of missed abortion, completed surgically; first trimester 8 (0.1) 8 (0.1) O01.0 Classical hydatidiform mole 1 (0) 1 (0) O01.1 Incomplete and partial hydatidiform mole 1 (0) 1 (0) O01.9 Hydatidiform mole, unspecified 4 (0.1) 4 (0.1) O02.0 Blighted ovum and nonhydatidiform mole 28 (0.4) 28 (0.4) O02.1 Missed abortion 131 (2) 127 (1.9) O02.81 Inappropriate change in quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in early pregnancy 8 (0.1) 8 (0.1) O02.89 Other abnormal products of conception 6 (0.1) 6 (0.1) O03.1 Delayed or excessive hemorrhage following incomplete spontaneous abortion 2 (0) 2 (0) O03.30 Unspecified complication following incomplete spontaneous abortion 1 (0) 1 (0) O03.39 Incomplete spontaneous abortion with other complications 4 (0.1) 4 (0.1) O03.4 Incomplete spontaneous abortion without complication 51 (0.8) 48 (0.7) O03.5 Genital tract and pelvic infection following complete or unspecified spontaneous abortion 1 (0) 1 (0) O03.6 Delayed or excessive hemorrhage following complete or unspecified spontaneous abortion 1 (0) 1 (0) O03.80 Unspecified complication following complete or unspecified spontaneous abortion 6 (0.1) 6 (0.1) O03.89 Complete or unspecified spontaneous abortion with other complications 3 (0) 3 (0) O03.9 Complete or unspecified spontaneous abortion without complication 340 (5.1) 328 (5) O04.80 (Induced) termination of pregnancy with unspecified complications 1 (0) 1 (0) O08.89 Other complications following an ectopic and molar pregnancy 1 (0) 1 (0) O36.4XX0 Maternal care for intrauterine death, not applicable or unspecified 11 (0.2) 10 (0.2) O36.4XX1 Maternal care for intrauterine death, fetus 1 4 (0.1) 4 (0.1) O36.4XX9 Maternal care for intrauterine death, other fetus 1 (0) 1 (0) O80 Encounter for full-term uncomplicated delivery 3082 (46) 3029 (45.9) O82 Encounter for cesarean delivery without indication 826 (12.3) 813 (12.3) Z33.2 Encounter for elective termination of pregnancy 7 (0.1) 7 (0.1) Z37.0 Single live birth 4837 (72.2) 4794 (72.6) Z37.1 Single stillbirth 10 (0.1) 10 (0.2) Z37.2 Twins, both liveborn 38 (0.6) 37 (0.6) Code Code Description Pregnancies Patients 0503F POSTPARTUM CARE VISIT 4534 (16.3) 4504 (16.5) 58605 LIGATION/TRANSECTION, FALLOPIAN TUBE, ABD/VAGINAL APPROACH, POSTPARTUM (SEP PROC) 107 (0.4) 106 (0.4) 59160 CURETTAGE, POSTPARTUM 24 (0.1) 24 (0.1) 59412 EXT CEPHALIC VERSION, W/WO TOCOLYSIS 36 (0.1) 35 (0.1) 59414 DELIVERY, PLACENTA (SEP PROC) 17 (0.1) 17 (0.1) 59430 POSTPARTUM CARE ONLY (SEP PROC) 7601 (27.4) 7512 (27.6) 59510 ROUTINE OBSTETRIC CARE W/ANTEPARTUM CARE, CESAREAN DELIVERY, & POSTPARTUM CARE 441 (1.6) 439 (1.6) LP1236 POSTPARTUM 75-GRAM GLUCOSE TOLERANCE 7 (0) 7 (0) O86.0 Infection of obstetric surgical wound 23 (0.1) 23 (0.1) O86.00 31 (0.1) 31 (0.1) O86.00 Infection of obstetric surgical wound, unspecified 31 (0.1) 31 (0.1) O86.01 25 (0.1) 25 (0.1) O86.01 Infection of obstetric surgical wound, superficial incisional site 25 (0.1) 25 (0.1) O86.02 2 (0) 2 (0) O86.09 Infection of obstetric surgical wound, other surgical site 5 (0) 5 (0) O86.11 Cervicitis following delivery 4 (0) 4 (0) O86.12 Endometritis following delivery 75 (0.3) 73 (0.3) O86.13 Vaginitis following delivery 25 (0.1) 25 (0.1) O86.19 Other infection of genital tract following delivery 1 (0) 1 (0) O86.20 Urinary tract infection following delivery, unspecified 25 (0.1) 25 (0.1) O86.21 Infection of kidney following delivery 1 (0) 1 (0) O86.22 Infection of bladder following delivery 4 (0) 4 (0) O86.29 Other urinary tract infection following delivery 4 (0) 3 (0) O86.4 Pyrexia of unknown origin following delivery 20 (0.1) 20 (0.1) O86.89 Other specified puerperal infections 5 (0) 4 (0) O87.0 Superficial thrombophlebitis in the puerperium 1 (0) 1 (0) O87.1 Deep phlebothrombosis in the puerperium 6 (0) 5 (0) O87.2 Hemorrhoids in the puerperium 36 (0.1) 36 (0.1) O87.4 Varicose veins of lower extremity in the puerperium 4 (0) 4 (0) O87.8 Other venous complications in the puerperium 3 (0) 3 (0) O88.23 Thromboembolism in the puerperium 3 (0) 3 (0) O89.4 Spinal and epidural anesthesia-induced headache during the puerperium 7 (0) 6 (0) O89.9 Complication of anesthesia during the puerperium, unspecified 1 (0) 1 (0) O90.0 Disruption of cesarean delivery wound 103 (0.4) 101 (0.4) O90.1 Disruption of perineal obstetric wound 32 (0.1) 32 (0.1) O90.2 Hematoma of obstetric wound 9 (0) 9 (0) O90.3 Peripartum cardiomyopathy 10 (0) 8 (0) O90.4 Postpartum acute kidney failure 1 (0) 1 (0) O90.5 Postpartum thyroiditis 14 (0.1) 12 (0) O90.6 Postpartum mood disturbance 115 (0.4) 113 (0.4) O90.81 Anemia of the puerperium 332 (1.2) 322 (1.2) O90.89 Other complications of the puerperium, not elsewhere classified 280 (1) 266 (1) O90.9 Complication of the puerperium, unspecified 32 (0.1) 32 (0.1) O91.02 Infection of nipple associated with the puerperium 30 (0.1) 26 (0.1) O91.12 Abscess of breast associated with the puerperium 4 (0) 4 (0) O91.22 Nonpurulent mastitis associated with the puerperium 70 (0.3) 67 (0.2) O92.02 Retracted nipple associated with the puerperium 1 (0) 1 (0) O92.12 Cracked nipple associated with the puerperium 38 (0.1) 37 (0.1) TO029 POSTPARTUM VISIT (GLOBAL) 1 (0) 1 (0) Z1038 POSTPARTUM 2896 (10.4) 2832 (10.4) Z39.0 Encounter for care and examination of mother immediately after delivery 1009 (3.6) 985 (3.6) Z39.1 Encounter for care and examination of lactating mother 2847 (10.3) 2752 (10.1) Z39.2 Encounter for routine postpartum follow-up 25,962 (93.5) 25,465 (93.4) Z6208 POSTPARTUM NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT 1446 (5.2) 1416 (5.2) Z6308 POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESSMENT 1544 (5.6) 1510 (5.5) Z6414 POSTPARTUM HEALTH EDUCATION ASSESSMENT 2776 (10) 2714 (10) - Appendix Table 4.
Sensitivity Analysis: Demographic and Health Characteristics by Number of Observed Pregnancies During Study Time Period
Total Pregnancies Seen at All CHCs Women with 1 Observed Pregnancy Women with 2 Observed Pregnancies p-Value Total number pregnancies (%) 28,578 27,550 (92%) 1094 (8%) Total number unique patients (%) 28,064 27,550 (92%) 518 (8%) Pregnancy characteristics Mean (SD) Mean (SD) Age at delivery (each preg) 28.4 (6.1) 28.4 (6.1) 27.9 (5.9) <0.001 Total # prenatal visits 9.2 (6.6) 9.3 (6.5) 6.8 (6.7) <0.001 Total # postpartum visits 1.9 (1.7) 1.9 (1.7) 1.9 (1.4) <0.001 Patient Demographic Characteristics Number (% of pregnancies) Number (% of pregnancies) Race White 16,676 (58.2) 16,018 (58.1) 658 (50.4) <0.001 Black 6002 (20.9) 5790 (21.0) 212 (23.9) Other 2913 (10.1) 2787 (10.1) 126 (5.4) Missing 3053 (10.6) 2955 (10.7) 98 (10.8) Ethnicity Latinx 14,583 (50.9) 14,111 (51.2) 472 (43.1) <0.001 Not Latinx 13,039 (45.5) 12,451 (45.2) 588 (53.8) Missing 1022 (3.6) 988 (3.6) 34 (3.1) Primary language English 16,348 (57.1) 15,640 (56.7) 708 (64.7) <0.001 Spanish 9748 (34.0) 9474 (34.4) 274 (25.1) Other 2462 (8.6) 2352 (8.5) 110 (10.1) Missing 86 (0.3) 84 (0.3) 2 (0.2) Income < 138% FPL 20,337 (71.0) 19,518 (70.9) 819 (74.9) 0.014 Health insurance status† Medicaid 21,808 (76.1) 20,915 (75.9) 893 (81.6) <0.001 Private Insurance 3528 (12.3) 3446 (12.5) 82 (7.5) Uninsured 3308 (11.6) 3189 (11.6) 119 (10.8) Pre-pregnancy Comorbidities Number (% of pregnancies) Number (% of pregnancies) Diabetes 237 (0.8) 221 (0.8) 16 (1.5) 0.018 Hypertension 448 (1.6) 422 (1.5) 26 (2.4) 0.027 Mental health disorder 3898 (13.6) 3632 (13.2) 266 (24.3) <0.001 Substance use disorder 968 (3.4) 918 (3.3) 50 (4.6) 0.026 Tobacco use 730 (2.6) 680 (2.5) 50 (4.6) <0.001 Charlson comorbidity index <0.001 0 23,502 (82.1) 22,710 (82.4) 792 (72.4) 1 2955 (10.3) 2817 (10.2) 138 (12.6) 2+ 2178 (7.6) 2023 (7.3) 164 (14.5) Pregnancy-related Comorbidities Number (% of pregnancies) Number (% of pregnancies) Gestational diabetes 514 (1.8) 478 (1.8) 36 (3.3) 0.001 Gestational hypertension 116 (0.4) 106 (0.4) 10 (0.9) 0.007 Pre-eclampsia 173 (0.6) 157 (0.6) 16 (1.4) <0.001 †Health insurance status measured during the last prenatal care visit.
Abbreviations: FPL, federal poverty limit; SD, standard deviation; CHC, Community health centers.
