Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Study sample flow diagram. Abbreviation: ED, emergency department.
Tables
- Table 1.
Participant Demographics, Including Those Screened in Person and Those Screened Remotely (n = 1504)*
Full Model
(n = 1504)In Person
(n = 653)Remote
(n = 851)P value† Total # of social needs disclosed 1 475 (32) 253 (39) 222 (26) <0.001 2 443 (29) 183 (28) 260 (31) 3 340 (23) 132 (20) 208 (24) 4 193 (13) 68 (10) 125 (15) 5 53 (4) 17 (3) 36 (4) Types of social needs disclosed Food 1160 (77) 501 (77) 659 (77) 0.74 Housing 903 (60) 351 (54) 552 (65) <0.001 Transportation 673 (45) 258 (40) 415 (49) <0.001 Utilities 497 (33) 197 (30) 300 (35) 0.04 Safety 185 (12) 65 (10) 120 (14) 0.02 “Are you Hispanic, Latino/a, or Spanish Origin?” Yes 205 (14) 76 (12) 129 (15) 0.05 “Which one or more of the following would you say is your race?”‡ American Indian or Alaska Native 121 (8) 56 (9) 65 (8) <0.001 Asian 19 (1) 6 (1) 13 (2) Black or African American 155 (10) 52 (8) 103 (12) Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 17 (1) 4 (1) 13 (2) Other 89 (6) 25 (4) 64 (8) White 1054 (70) 496 (76) 558 (66) Multiple 49 (3) 14 (2) 35 (4) Sex Male 533 (35) 211 (32) 322 (38) 0.03 Rurality Rural or frontier 490 (33) 353 (54) 137 (16) <0.001 Age ≤17 180 (12) 65 (10) 115 (14) <0.001 18 to 64 1164 (77) 490 (75) 674 (79) ≥65 160 (11) 98 (15) 62 (7) Mean age 41 43 40 <0.01 “I am answering this survey about…” Myself 1293 (86) 577 (88) 716 (84) <0.01 My child 163 (11) 55 (8) 108 (13) Another adult 34 (2) 11 (2) 23 (3) Other 14 (1) 10 (2) 4 (0) “What is your annual household income from all sources?” <$10,000 596 (40) 264 (40) 332 (39) <0.001 $10,000 to <$15,000 216 (14) 90 (14) 126 (15) $15,000 to <$20,000 176 (12) 101 (15) 75 (9) $20,000 to <$25,000 112 (7) 36 (6) 76 (9) $25,000 to <$35,000 182 (12) 87 (13) 95 (11) $35,000 to <$50,000 137 (9) 47 (7) 90 (11) $50,000 to <$75,000 56 (4) 20 (3) 36 (4) ≥$75,000 29 (2) 8 (1) 21 (2) Oregon’s “Stay Home, Save Lives” COVID-19 executive order (3/23/2020) Screened after executive order 879 (58) 54 (8) 825 (97) <0.001 Willing to accept navigation assistance Yes 1069 (71) 413 (63) 656 (77) <0.001 ↵* The data for this analysis were collected from October 17, 2018 through December 31, 2020.
↵† P values based on χ2 tests of independence for those screened in person versus remotely.
↵‡ Participants who selected White and an additional race category were grouped with the non-White category they selected. We made this decision due to the variable “race” serving as a proxy for racism.43
Variable aOR (95% CI) P value Total # of social needs disclosed 1 1 [Reference] NA 2 1.4 (0.7–2.7) 0.30 3 2.9 (1.6–5.0) <0.001 4 3.2 (1.4–7.0) <0.01 5 5.2 (2.8–10.0) <0.001 Screening method In person 1 [Reference] NA Remote 1.3 (0.6–2.9) 0.50 Interaction term (total # of social needs + screening method) 1 need + remote 1 [Reference] NA 2 needs + remote 0.9 (0.5–1.7) 0.78 3 needs + remote 0.5 (0.3–1.0) 0.06 4 needs + remote 1.3 (0.5–3.4) 0.60 5 needs + remote 0.4 (0.16–1.2) 0.10 “Are you Hispanic, Latino/a, or Spanish Origin?” No 1 [Reference] NA Yes 1.3 (0.9–1.8) 0.24 “Which one or more of the following would you say is your race?”* White 1 [Reference] NA American Indian or Alaska Native 0.6 (0.5–0.8) <0.01 Asian 1.4 (0.6–3.5) 0.41 Black or African American 1.4 (0.8–2.3) 0.26 Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 1.6 (0.3–9.6) 0.60 Other 1.4 (0.9–2.2) 0.12 Multiple 1.4 (0.7–2.7) 0.33 Sex Female 1 [Reference] NA Male 0.9 (0.8–1.8) 0.37 Rurality Urban 1 [Reference] NA Rural or frontier 0.9 (0.6–1.2) 0.46 Age ≤17 1.7 (0.7–4.0) 0.20 18 to 64 1 [Reference] NA ≥65 1.1 (0.7–1.7) 0.52 “I am answering this survey about…” Myself 1 [Reference] NA My child 0.6 (0.3–1.3) 0.21 Another adult 0.7 (0.3–1.7) 0.47 Other 0.8 (0.3–2.2) 0.70 “What is your annual household income from all sources?” <$10,000 1 [Reference] NA $10,000 to <$15,000 1.2 (1.0–1.5) 0.11 $15,000 to <$20,000 1.3 (0.7–2.4) 0.32 $20,000 to <$25,000 0.9 (0.6–1.4) 0.80 $25,000 to <$35,000 0.9 (0.7–1.3) 0.70 $35,000 to <$50,000 0.6 (0.4–0.9) 0.02 $50,000 to <$75,000 0.6 (0.3–1.3) 0.19 ≥$75,000 1.0 (0.3–3.3) 0.97 ↵* We used the category “White” as the comparator because it was the largest group in our sample.
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Included (n = 1504) Excluded (n = 1237) Total # of social needs disclosed 1 475 (32) 451 (36) 2 443 (29) 345 (28) 3 340 (23) 286 (23) 4 193 (13) 133 (11) 5 53 (4) 22 (2) Types of social needs disclosed Food 1160 (77) 898 (73) Housing 903 (60) 698 (56) Transportation 673 (45) 575 (46) Utilities 497 (33) 349 (28) Safety 185 (12) 121 (10) “Are you Hispanic, Latino/a, or Spanish Origin?” Yes 205 (14) 195 (16) Missing 0 (0) 456 (37) “Which one or more of the following would you say is your race?”* American Indian or Alaska Native 121 (8) 92 (7) Asian 19 (1) 12 (1) Black or African American 155 (10) 86 (7) Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 17 (1) 11 (1) Other 89 (6) 67 (5) White 1054 (70) 698 (56) Multiple 49 (3) 17 (1) Missing 0 (0) 254 (21) Sex Male 533 (35) 487 (39) Missing 0 (0) 50 (4) Rurality Rural or frontier 490 (33) 282 (23) Missing 0 (0) 21 (2) Age ≤17 180 (12) 154 (12) 18 to 64 1164 (77) 942 (76) ≥65 160 (11) 141 (11) “I am answering this survey about…” Myself 1293 (86) 1081 (87) My child 163 (11) 126 (10) Another adult 34 (2) 17 (1) Other 14 (1) 13 (1) “What is your annual household income from all sources?” <$10,000 596 (40) 269 (22) $10,000 to <$15,000 216 (14) 51 (4) $15,000 to <$20,000 176 (12) 108 (9) $20,000 to <$25,000 112 (7) 51 (4) $25,000 to <$35,000 182 (12) 50 (4) $35,000 to <$50,000 137 (9) 27 (2) $50,000 to <$75,000 56 (4) 10 (1) ≥$75,000 29 (2) 5 (0) Missing 0 (0) 666 (54) Oregon’s “Stay Home, Save Lives” COVID-19 executive order Screened after executive order 879 (58) 846 (68) Variable aOR (95% CI) P value Total # of social needs disclosed 1 1 [Reference] NA 2 1.7 (1.0–2.8) 0.05 3 2.9 (1.9–4.5) <0.001 4 3.3 (1.7–6.4) <0.001 5 3.4 (2.2–5.4) <0.001 Screening approach In person 1 [Reference] NA Remote 1.1 (0.4–3.0) 0.78 Interaction term (total # of social needs + screening approach) 1 need + remote 1 [Reference] NA 2 needs + remote 1.2 (0.7–2.0) 0.45 3 needs + remote 0.8 (0.5–1.4) 0.49 4 needs + remote 1.5 (0.8–2.6) 0.20 5 needs + remote 0.9 (0.4–2.1) 0.90 “Are you Hispanic, Latino/a, or Spanish Origin?” No 1 [Reference] NA Yes 1.4 (1.0–1.8) 0.04 Missing 1.0 (0.7–1.3) 0.82 “Which one or more of the following would you say is your race?”* White 1 [Reference] NA American Indian or Alaska Native 0.8 (0.6–1.2) 0.24 Asian 1.4 (0.6–3.3) 0.38 Black or African American 1.5 (1.0–2.3) 0.04 Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander 2.1 (0.6–8.1) 0.25 Other 1.4 (0.9–2.3) 0.15 Multiple 1.3 (0.7–2.2) 0.38 Missing 0.9 (0.8–1.1) 0.48 Sex Female 1 [Reference] NA Male 0.9 (1.0–1.8) 0.18 Missing 0.5 (0.2–0.9) 0.03 Rurality Urban 1 [Reference] NA Rural or frontier 0.9 (0.7–1.1) 0.25 Missing 1.3 (0.4–3.7) 0.65 Age ≤17 1.3 (0.5–3.1) 0.57 18 to 64 1 [Reference] NA ≥65 0.9 (0.7–1.2) 0.60 “I am answering this survey about…” Myself 1 [Reference] NA My child 0.8 (0.4–1.8) 0.63 Another adult 0.7 (0.3–1.5) 0.34 Other 0.7 (0.4–1.4) 0.32 “What is your annual household income from all sources?” <$10,000 1 [Reference] NA $10,000 to <$15,000 1.0 (0.8–1.2) 0.85 $15,000 to <$20,000 1.2 (0.8–2.0) 0.37 $20,000 to <$25,000 0.9 (0.7–1.3) 0.76 $25,000 to <$35,000 0.9 (0.6–1.2) 0.42 $35,000 to <$50,000 0.6 (0.4–0.8) <0.01 $50,000 to <$75,000 0.6 (0.3–1.2) 0.15 ≥$75,000 1.1 (0.3–3.7) 0.87 Missing 0.9 (0.7–1.3) 0.71 ↵* We used the category “White” as the comparator because it was the largest group in our sample.
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
