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Brief ReportBrief Report

Financial Incentives Are Associated with Lower Likelihood of COVID-19 Vaccination in Northeast Ohio

Jenny D. Gong, Emma Barnboym, Megan O’Mara, Natalie Gurevich, Maya Mattar, Donald D. Anthony, Nora G. Singer and Adam T. Perzynski
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine February 2023, 36 (1) 170-174; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2022.220265R1
Jenny D. Gong
From the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (JDG, DDA, NGS, ATP); The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH (JDG, EB, DDA, NGS, ATP); Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (JDG, MO, NG, MM, DDA).
BS
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Emma Barnboym
From the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (JDG, DDA, NGS, ATP); The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH (JDG, EB, DDA, NGS, ATP); Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (JDG, MO, NG, MM, DDA).
CCRC
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Megan O’Mara
From the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (JDG, DDA, NGS, ATP); The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH (JDG, EB, DDA, NGS, ATP); Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (JDG, MO, NG, MM, DDA).
MS
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Natalie Gurevich
From the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (JDG, DDA, NGS, ATP); The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH (JDG, EB, DDA, NGS, ATP); Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (JDG, MO, NG, MM, DDA).
MS
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Maya Mattar
From the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (JDG, DDA, NGS, ATP); The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH (JDG, EB, DDA, NGS, ATP); Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (JDG, MO, NG, MM, DDA).
MD
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Donald D. Anthony
From the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (JDG, DDA, NGS, ATP); The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH (JDG, EB, DDA, NGS, ATP); Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (JDG, MO, NG, MM, DDA).
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Nora G. Singer
From the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (JDG, DDA, NGS, ATP); The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH (JDG, EB, DDA, NGS, ATP); Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (JDG, MO, NG, MM, DDA).
MD
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Adam T. Perzynski
From the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH (JDG, DDA, NGS, ATP); The MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH (JDG, EB, DDA, NGS, ATP); Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (JDG, MO, NG, MM, DDA).
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    Figure 1.

    Comparison of 3 factors associated with likelihood of getting an approved dose of COVID-19 vaccine next year. A. Reported change in COVID-19 vaccination likelihood after news of the Delta variant by current vaccination likelihood. Chi-square=20.8, df 10, p=0.022; N=450, accounting for 21 not applicable/missing responses. B. Reported change in COVID-19 vaccination likelihood following implementation of the Vax-a-Million lottery by current vaccination likelihood. Chi-square=119.3, df 10, p<0.001. N=406, accounting for 65 not applicable/missing responses. C. The bar graphs represent changes in vaccination likelihood following implementation of $100 incentives, stratified by current vaccination likelihood. Chi-square=49.7, df 10, p<0.001. N=444, accounting for 27 not applicable/missing responses.

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    Table 1.

    Demographics

    Total N (%)
    Number471
    Mean ± SD age (years)49.6 ± 16.0
    Sex
    Female353 (74.9)
    Male118 (25.1)
    Race
    American Indian or Alaska Native7 (1.5)
    Asian7 (1.5)
    Black or African American230 (51.4)
    Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander3 (0.6)
    White204 (43.7)
    Some other race21 (4.5)
    Prefer not to Answer7 (1.5)
    Ethnicity
    Hispanic/Latino/Spanish46 (9.8)
    Non-Hispanic/Non-Latino/Non-Spanish425 (90.2)
    Highest level of Education
    Some High School or less66 (14.0)
    High School graduate139 (29.6)
    Some college/Bachelor’s degree239 (50.7)
    Other advanced degree (Master’s Doctoral degree)25 (5.3)
    Prefer not to answer2 (0.4)
    Waited ≥ 2 months to receive the COVID-19 vaccine after age group was eligible185 (39.3)
    Not yet vaccinated against COVID-19286 (60.7)
    COVID-19 Vaccination Likelihood
    Very likely144 (30.6)
    Fairly likely40 (8.5)
    Not too likely21 (4.5)
    Not at all likely42 (8.9)
    Definitely not107 (22.7)
    Don’t know98 (20.8)
    Prefer not to answer/Not applicable19 (4.0)
    Recruitment Sites
    The MetroHealth System449 (95.3)
    Cleveland Veteran Affairs Hospital22 (4.7)
    • Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

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The Journal of the American Board of Family     Medicine: 36 (1)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 36, Issue 1
January/February 2023
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Financial Incentives Are Associated with Lower Likelihood of COVID-19 Vaccination in Northeast Ohio
Jenny D. Gong, Emma Barnboym, Megan O’Mara, Natalie Gurevich, Maya Mattar, Donald D. Anthony, Nora G. Singer, Adam T. Perzynski
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Feb 2023, 36 (1) 170-174; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2022.220265R1

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Financial Incentives Are Associated with Lower Likelihood of COVID-19 Vaccination in Northeast Ohio
Jenny D. Gong, Emma Barnboym, Megan O’Mara, Natalie Gurevich, Maya Mattar, Donald D. Anthony, Nora G. Singer, Adam T. Perzynski
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Feb 2023, 36 (1) 170-174; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2022.220265R1
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