Skip to main content

Main menu

  • HOME
  • ARTICLES
    • Current Issue
    • Abstracts In Press
    • Archives
    • Special Issue Archive
    • Subject Collections
  • INFO FOR
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Call For Papers
    • Subscribers
    • Advertisers
  • SUBMIT
    • Manuscript
    • Peer Review
  • ABOUT
    • The JABFM
    • The Editing Fellowship
    • Editorial Board
    • Indexing
    • Editors' Blog
  • CLASSIFIEDS
  • Other Publications
    • abfm

User menu

Search

  • Advanced search
American Board of Family Medicine
  • Other Publications
    • abfm
American Board of Family Medicine

American Board of Family Medicine

Advanced Search

  • HOME
  • ARTICLES
    • Current Issue
    • Abstracts In Press
    • Archives
    • Special Issue Archive
    • Subject Collections
  • INFO FOR
    • Authors
    • Reviewers
    • Call For Papers
    • Subscribers
    • Advertisers
  • SUBMIT
    • Manuscript
    • Peer Review
  • ABOUT
    • The JABFM
    • The Editing Fellowship
    • Editorial Board
    • Indexing
    • Editors' Blog
  • CLASSIFIEDS
  • JABFM on Bluesky
  • JABFM On Facebook
  • JABFM On Twitter
  • JABFM On YouTube
Research ArticleOriginal Research

Pain Management During West Virginia’s Opioid Crisis

Treah Haggerty, Cara L. Sedney, Patricia Dekeseredy, Divine Nwafor, Henry H. Brownstein, Martina A. Caretta and Robin A. Pollini
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine October 2022, 35 (5) 940-950; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2022.05.220097
Treah Haggerty
From Department of Family Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (TH); Department of Neurosurgery, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (CLS, PD); Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV (DN); Sociology and Anthropology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (HHB); Human Geography Department, Lund University, Sweden (MAC); Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (RAP).
MD, MS
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Cara L. Sedney
From Department of Family Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (TH); Department of Neurosurgery, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (CLS, PD); Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV (DN); Sociology and Anthropology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (HHB); Human Geography Department, Lund University, Sweden (MAC); Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (RAP).
MD, MA
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Patricia Dekeseredy
From Department of Family Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (TH); Department of Neurosurgery, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (CLS, PD); Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV (DN); Sociology and Anthropology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (HHB); Human Geography Department, Lund University, Sweden (MAC); Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (RAP).
RN, MScN
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Divine Nwafor
From Department of Family Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (TH); Department of Neurosurgery, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (CLS, PD); Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV (DN); Sociology and Anthropology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (HHB); Human Geography Department, Lund University, Sweden (MAC); Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (RAP).
BS
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Henry H. Brownstein
From Department of Family Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (TH); Department of Neurosurgery, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (CLS, PD); Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV (DN); Sociology and Anthropology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (HHB); Human Geography Department, Lund University, Sweden (MAC); Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (RAP).
PhD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Martina A. Caretta
From Department of Family Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (TH); Department of Neurosurgery, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (CLS, PD); Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV (DN); Sociology and Anthropology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (HHB); Human Geography Department, Lund University, Sweden (MAC); Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (RAP).
PhD
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Robin A. Pollini
From Department of Family Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (TH); Department of Neurosurgery, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (CLS, PD); Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV (DN); Sociology and Anthropology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (HHB); Human Geography Department, Lund University, Sweden (MAC); Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (RAP).
PhD, MPH
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Compton WM,
    2. Jones CM
    . Epidemiology of the U.S. opioid crisis: the importance of the vector. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019;1451:130–43.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  2. 2.↵
    1. Dowell D,
    2. Arias E,
    3. Kochanek K,
    4. et al
    . Contribution of opioid-involved poisoning to the change in life expectancy in the United States, 2000–2015. JAMA 2017;318:1065–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  3. 3.↵
    White House Council of Economic Advisers. Council of Economic Advisers Report: the underestimated cost of the opioid crisis. Available from:https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/cea-report-underestimated-cost-opioid-crisis/. Published 2017. Accessed June 27, 2021.
  4. 4.↵
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Changes in Opioid Prescribing Practices. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/deaths/prescription/practices.html. Published 2019. Accessed March 26, 2021.
  5. 5.↵
    1. Rudd R,
    2. Paulozzi L,
    3. Baur M,
    4. et al
    . Increases in heroin overdose deaths—28 states, 2010 to 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:849.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  6. 6.↵
    1. O'Donnell JK,
    2. Halpin J,
    3. Mattson CL,
    4. Goldberger BA,
    5. Gladden RM
    . Deaths involving fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and U-47700—10 states, July–December 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:1197–202.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. O'Donnell JK,
    2. Gladden RM,
    3. Seth P
    . Trends in deaths involving heroin and synthetic opioids excluding methadone, and law enforcement drug product reports, by census region—United States, 2006–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:897–903.
    OpenUrl
  8. 8.↵
    KFF. Opioid Overdose Death Rates and All Drug Overdose Death Rates per 100,000 Population (Age-Adjusted). Available from: https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/opioid-overdose-death-rates/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22All Drug Overdose Death Rate (Age-Adjusted)%22,%22sort%22:%22desc%22%7D. Accessed September 20, 2021.
  9. 9.↵
    1. Rudd RA,
    2. Aleshire N,
    3. Zibbell JE,
    4. Gladden RM
    . Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;64:1378–82.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. 10.↵
    National Institute on Drug Abuse. West Virginia: Opioid-Involved Deaths and Related Harms. Available from: https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/opioids/opioid-summaries-by-state/west-virginia-opioid-involved-deaths-related-harms. Published 2020. Accessed August 27, 2021.
  11. 11.↵
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC WONDER. Available from: https://wonder.cdc.gov/. Accessed May 13, 2022.
  12. 12.↵
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. HHS Guide for Clinicians on the Appropriate Dosage Reduction or Discontinuation of Long-Term Opioid Analgesics. Published 2019. Available from: https://www.hhs.gov/opioids/sites/default/files/2019-10/Dosage_Reduction_Discontinuation.pdf. Accessed August 6, 2021.
  13. 13.↵
    1. Dydyk AM,
    2. Sizemore DC,
    3. Trachsel LA,
    4. Conermann T,
    5. Porter BR
    . West Virginia Opioid Prescribing For Chronic Pain While Avoiding Drug Diversion. StatPealrs Publishing; 2021. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563323/.
  14. 14.↵
    West Virginia Legislature 2018 Regular Session. Enrolled Committee Substitute for Committee Substitute for Senate Bill 273. Available from: http://www.wvlegislature.gov/Bill_Text_HTML/2018_SESSIONS/RS/bills/SB273 SUB2 ENR.pdf. Published 2018. Accessed April 1, 2021.
  15. 15.↵
    1. Sedney CL,
    2. Khodaverdi M,
    3. Pollini R,
    4. Dekeseredy P,
    5. Wood N,
    6. Haggerty T
    . Assessing the impact of a restrictive opioid prescribing law in West Virginia. Subst Abus Treat Prev Policy 2021;16.
  16. 16.↵
    1. Howe KR
    . Mixed Methods, Mixed Causes? Qual Inq 2011;17.
  17. 17.↵
    1. Sandelowski M
    . Sample size in qualitative research. Res Nurs Health 1995;18:179–83.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  18. 18.↵
    1. Lincoln YS,
    2. Guba EG
    . Naturalistic Inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE; 1985.
  19. 19.↵
    1. Guest G,
    2. Bunce A,
    3. Johnson L
    . How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods 2006;18:59–82.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  20. 20.↵
    1. Fusch PI,
    2. Ness LR
    . Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research. TQR 2015;20:1418–6. Available from: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol20/iss9/3/.
    OpenUrl
  21. 21.↵
    1. Cho J,
    2. Trent A
    . Validity in qualitative research revisited. Qual Res 2006;6:319–40.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  22. 22.↵
    1. Saldana J
    . The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. 3rd ed. London UK: SAGE; 2016.
  23. 23.↵
    1. Carter N,
    2. Bryant-Lukosius D,
    3. DiCenso A,
    4. Blythe J,
    5. Neville AJ
    . The use of triangulation in qualitative research. Oncol Nurs Forum 2014;41:545–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/14.ONF.545-547.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute. Project ECHO. Available from: https://www.wvctsi.org/programs/community-engagement-outreach/project-echo/projects/. Accessed September 20, 2021.
  25. 25.↵
    West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute. Substance Use Disorder. Available from: https://www.wvctsi.org/programs/community-engagement-outreach/project-echo/projects/medication-assisted-treatment/. Accessed September 20, 2021.
  26. 26.↵
    1. Dayer LE,
    2. Painter JT,
    3. McCain K,
    4. King J,
    5. Cullen J,
    6. Foster HR
    . A recent history of opioid use in the US: Three decades of change. Subst Use Misuse 2019;54:331–3339.
    OpenUrl
  27. 27.↵
    Levy N, Sturgess J. “Pain as the fifth vital sign” and dependence on the “numerical pain scale” is being abandoned in the US: Why? Br J Anaesth 2018;120:435–8.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  28. 28.↵
    1. Blanco C,
    2. Wiley TRA,
    3. Lloyd JJ,
    4. Lopez MF,
    5. Volkow ND
    . America’s opioid crisis: the need for an integrated public health approach. Transl Psychiatry 2020;10:167.
    OpenUrl
  29. 29.↵
    1. Stone EM,
    2. Rutkow L,
    3. Bicket MC,
    4. Barry CL,
    5. Alexander GC,
    6. McGinty EE
    . Implementation and enforcement of state opioid prescribing laws. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020;213:108107.
    OpenUrl
  30. 30.↵
    1. Garcia AM
    . State laws regulating prescribing of controlled substances: balancing the public health problems of chronic pain and prescription painkiller abuse and overdose. J Law Med Ethics 2013;41:42–5.
    OpenUrl
  31. 31.↵
    1. Dowell D,
    2. Haegerich TM,
    3. Chou R
    . CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain–United States, 2016. JAMA 2016;315:1624–45.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  32. 32.↵
    1. Grant AD,
    2. Miller MM,
    3. Anastas TM,
    4. Quinn P,
    5. Lok B,
    6. Hirsh AT
    . Opioid-related risk perceptions in chronic pain: influence of patient gender and prior misuse behaviors. Pain 2022;163:711–8.
    OpenUrl
  33. 33.↵
    1. Hirsh AT,
    2. Anastas TM,
    3. Miller MM,
    4. Quinn P,
    5. Kroenke K
    . Patient race and opioid misuse history influence provider risk perceptions for future opioid-related problems. Am Psychol 2020;75:784–95.
    OpenUrl
  34. 34.↵
    1. Bardwell G,
    2. Small W,
    3. Lavalley J,
    4. McNeil R,
    5. Kerr T
    . “People need them or else they’re going to take fentanyl and die”: A qualitative study examining the ‘problem’ of prescription opioid diversion during an overdose epidemic. Soc Sci Med 2021;279:113986.
    OpenUrl
  35. 35.↵
    1. Thomas N,
    2. van de Ven K,
    3. Mulrooney KJD
    . The impact of rurality on opioid-related harms: A systematic review of qualitative research. Int J Drug Policy 2020;85:102607.
    OpenUrl
  36. 36.↵
    1. Pear VA,
    2. Ponicki WR,
    3. Gaidus A,
    4. et al
    . Urban-rural variation in the socioeconomic determinants of opioid overdose. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019;195:66–73.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  37. 37.↵
    1. Cassidy CM
    . Chinese medicine users in the United States. Part I: Utilization, satisfaction, medical plurality. J Altern Complement Med 1998;4:17–27.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  38. 38.↵
    1. Tindle HA,
    2. Davis RB,
    3. Phillips RS,
    4. Eisenberg DM
    . Trends in use of complementary and alternative medicine by US adults: 1997–2002. Altern Ther Health Med 2005;11:42–9.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  39. 39.↵
    1. Slat S,
    2. Yaganti A,
    3. Thomas J,
    4. et al
    . Opioid policy and chronic pain treatment access experiences: A multi-stakeholder qualitative analysis and conceptual model. J Pain Res 2021;14:1161–9.
    OpenUrl
  40. 40.↵
    1. Gersch WD,
    2. Delate T,
    3. Bergquist KM,
    4. Smith K
    . Clinical effectiveness of an outpatient multidisciplinary chronic pain management telementoring service. Clin J Pain 2021;37:740–6.
    OpenUrl
  41. 41.↵
    1. Cole ES,
    2. DiDomenico E,
    3. Green S,
    4. et al
    . The who, the what, and the how: A description of strategies and lessons learned to expand access to medications for opioid use disorder in rural America. Subst Abus 2021;42:123–9.
    OpenUrl
  42. 42.↵
    1. Hser Y-I,
    2. Ober AJ,
    3. Dopp AR,
    4. et al
    . Is telemedicine the answer to rural expansion of medication treatment for opioid use disorder? Early experiences in the feasibility study phase of a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network Trial. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2021;16(1):24.
    OpenUrl
  43. 43.↵
    1. Brooks EM,
    2. Tong S
    . Implementing office-based opioid treatment models in primary care settings. J Am Board Fam Med 2020;33:512–20.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  44. 44.↵
    1. Davis CS,
    2. Judd Lieberman A,
    3. Hernandez-Delgado H,
    4. Suba C
    . Laws limiting the prescribing or dispensing of opioids for acute pain in the United States: a national systematic legal review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019;194:166–72.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  45. 45.↵
    1. Kroenke K,
    2. Alford DP,
    3. Argoff C,
    4. et al
    . Challenges with implementing the centers for disease control and prevention opioid guideline: a consensus panel report. Pain Med 2019;20:724–35.
    OpenUrl
  46. 46.↵
    1. Walker DM,
    2. Childerhose JE,
    3. Chen S,
    4. et al
    . Exploring perspectives on changing opioid prescribing practices: A qualitative study of community stakeholders in the HEALing Communities Study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022;233:109342.
    OpenUrl
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

The Journal of the American Board of Family     Medicine: 35 (5)
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
Vol. 35, Issue 5
September/October 2022
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Cover (PDF)
  • Index by author
  • Back Matter (PDF)
  • Front Matter (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Board of Family Medicine.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Pain Management During West Virginia’s Opioid Crisis
(Your Name) has sent you a message from American Board of Family Medicine
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Board of Family Medicine web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
10 + 4 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Citation Tools
Pain Management During West Virginia’s Opioid Crisis
Treah Haggerty, Cara L. Sedney, Patricia Dekeseredy, Divine Nwafor, Henry H. Brownstein, Martina A. Caretta, Robin A. Pollini
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Oct 2022, 35 (5) 940-950; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2022.05.220097

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Pain Management During West Virginia’s Opioid Crisis
Treah Haggerty, Cara L. Sedney, Patricia Dekeseredy, Divine Nwafor, Henry H. Brownstein, Martina A. Caretta, Robin A. Pollini
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine Oct 2022, 35 (5) 940-950; DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2022.05.220097
Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • Introduction
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Conclusion
    • Notes
    • References
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • PubMed
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • Mental Health of Patients and Clinicians Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Identifying and Addressing Social Determinants of Health with an Electronic Health Record
  • Integrating Adverse Childhood Experiences and Social Risks Screening in Adult Primary Care
  • A Pilot Comparison of Clinical Data Collection Methods Using Paper, Electronic Health Record Prompt, and a Smartphone Application
Show more Original Research

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • Chronic Pain
  • Family Medicine
  • Opiates
  • Opioid-Related Disorders
  • Patient-Centered Care
  • Prescriptions
  • Primary Health Care
  • Qualitative Research
  • Rural Population
  • West Virginia

Navigate

  • Home
  • Current Issue
  • Past Issues

Authors & Reviewers

  • Info For Authors
  • Info For Reviewers
  • Submit A Manuscript/Review

Other Services

  • Get Email Alerts
  • Classifieds
  • Reprints and Permissions

Other Resources

  • Forms
  • Contact Us
  • ABFM News

© 2025 American Board of Family Medicine

Powered by HighWire