Article Figures & Data
Tables
Variable N (%) or Median (IQR) Gini coefficient of income inequality 0.46 (0.44, 0.47) Physician workforce per 1000 residents Primary care 5.0 (3.5, 6.7) Family medicine 2.4 (1.6, 3.2) Pediatrics 0.9 (0.4, 1.3) Rural county 80 (80%) Percent of adults with college degree 19 (15, 25) Median family income ($1000s) 45 (39, 51) Average family size 2.5 (2.4, 2.6) Percent of males who are married (18+) 52 (48, 56) Percent male 49 (48, 50) Percent Black or African American 19 (6, 34) Percent Hispanic or Latino 6 (4, 10) Median age (years) 43 (40, 46) Percent population <18 years old 21 (19, 23) Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.
- Table 2.
Fixed-Effects Regression of County-Level Primary Care Physician Workforce per 1000 Residents, 2013-2018 (n = 600 County-Years)
Variable Coefficient 95% CI P Gini coefficient ×10 −0.58 −1.12, −0.04 0.036 Year 0.03 −0.04, 0.11 0.374 Percent of adults with college degree 0.08 0.02, 0.14 0.005 Median family income ($1000s) −0.03 −0.06, 0.01 0.205 Average family size 0.12 −0.07, 0.30 0.223 Percent of males who are married (18+) −0.02 −0.05, −0.001 0.045 Percent male −0.18 −0.30, −0.05 0.006 Percent Black or African American 0.09 −0.01, 0.19 0.071 Percent Hispanic or Latino 0.04 −0.14, 0.22 0.644 Median age (years) −0.01 −0.13, 0.12 0.904 Abbreviation: CI, Confidence interval.
- Table 3.
Fixed-Effects Regression of County-Level Family Medicine Physician Workforce per 1000 Residents, 2013-2018 (n = 600 County-Years)
Variable Coefficient 95% CI P Gini coefficient ×10 −0.53 −0.94, −0.12 0.011 Year 0.05 0.00, 0.11 0.056 Percent of adults with college degree 0.05 0.004, 0.09 0.033 Median family income ($1000s) −0.01 −0.04, 0.02 0.475 Average family size 0.14 0.001, 0.283 0.048 Percent of males (18+) who are married 0.00 −0.02, 0.01 0.712 Percent male −0.11 −0.21, −0.02 0.018 Percent Black or African American 0.09 0.02, 0.16 0.018 Percent Hispanic or Latino 0.08 −0.06, 0.21 0.281 Median age (years) −0.03 −0.12, 0.07 0.588 Abbreviation: CI, Confidence interval.
- Table 4.
Fixed-Effects Regression of County-Level Pediatrician Workforce per 1000 Residents, 2013-2018 (n = 600 County-Years)
Variable Primary Analysis Sensitivity Analysis* Coefficient 95% CI P Coefficient 95% CI P Gini coefficient ×10 0.20 −0.01, 0.42 0.064 0.19 −0.02, 0.40 0.081 Year −0.02 −0.05, 0.01 0.209 −0.04 −0.07, −0.01 0.008 Percent of adults with college degree 0.02 0.00, 0.04 0.094 0.02 −0.003, 0.04 0.085 Median family income ($1000s) −0.01 −0.03, 0.00 0.064 −0.01 −0.03, 0.00 0.108 Average family size −0.09 −0.16, −0.01 0.020 −0.08 −0.15, −0.002 0.045 Percent of males (18+) who are married −0.01 −0.02, −0.003 0.020 −0.01 −0.02, −0.001 0.025 Percent male 0.00 −0.05, 0.05 0.928 −0.04 −0.9, 0.02 0.178 Percent Black or African American −0.04 −0.08, −0.001 0.046 −0.06 −0.10, −0.02 0.005 Percent Hispanic or Latino −0.02 −0.10, 0.05 0.538 0.01 −0.06, 0.09 0.742 Median age (years) 0.05 0.003, 0.10 0.037 Percent population <18 years old −0.14 −0.21, −0.07 <0.001 Abbreviation: CI, Confidence interval.
↵* The sensitivity analysis used percent population <18 years old as the age measure in each county and year, rather than median age, as an alternative strategy to account for the size of the pediatric population and associated demand for pediatricians.
