Research ArticleOriginal Research

C-Reactive Protein versus Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate: Implications Among Patients with No Known Inflammatory Conditions

Vanessa Alende-Castro, Manuela Alonso-Sampedro, Carmen Fernández-Merino, Juan Sánchez-Castro, Bernardo Sopeña, Francisco Gude and Arturo Gonzalez-Quintela
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine September 2021, 34 (5) 974-983; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2021.05.210072

References

  1. 1.↵
    1. Tillett WS,
    2. Francis T
    . Serological reactions in pneumonia with a non-protein somatic fraction of pneumococcus. J Exp Med 1930;52:561–571.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  2. 2.↵
    1. Black S,
    2. Kushner I,
    3. Samols D
    . C-reactive protein. J Biol Chem 2004;279:48487–48490.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  3. 3.↵
    1. Marnell L,
    2. Mold C,
    3. Du Clos TW
    . C-reactive protein: Ligands, receptors and role in inflammation. Clin Immunol 2005;117:104–111.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  4. 4.↵
    1. Hunter CA,
    2. Jones SA
    . IL-6 as a keystone cytokine in health and disease. Nat Immunol 2015;16:448–457.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  5. 5.↵
    1. Landry A,
    2. Docherty P,
    3. Ouellette S,
    4. Cartier LJ
    . Causes and outcomes of markedly elevated C-reactive protein levels. Can Fam Physician 2017;63:e316–323.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  6. 6.↵
    1. Grzybowski A,
    2. Sak J
    . A short history of the discovery of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Int J Lab Hematol 2012;34:442–444.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. Jou JM,
    2. Lewis SM,
    3. Briggs C,
    4. Lee SH,
    5. De La Salle B,
    6. McFadden S
    , International Council for Standardization in Haematology. International Council for Standardization in Haematology. ICSH review of the measurement of the erythocyte sedimentation rate. Int J Lab Hematol 2011;33:125–132.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. 8.↵
    1. Sox HC Jr.,
    2. Liang MH
    . The erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Guidelines for rational use. Ann Intern Med 1986;104:515–523.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  9. 9.↵
    1. Brigden M
    . The erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Still a helpful test when used judiciously. Postgrad Med 1998;103:257–262.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. 10.↵
    1. Lapić I,
    2. Padoan A,
    3. Bozzato D,
    4. Plebani M
    . Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in acute inflammation. Am J Clin Pathol 2020;153:14–29.
    OpenUrl
  11. 11.↵
    1. Fabry TL
    . Mechanism of erythrocyte aggregation and sedimentation. Blood 1987;70:1572–1576.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  12. 12.↵
    1. Bray C,
    2. Bell LN,
    3. Liang H,
    4. et al
    . Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein measurements and their relevance in clinical medicine. WMJ 2016;115:317–321.
    OpenUrl
  13. 13.↵
    1. Chan FLY,
    2. Lester S,
    3. Whittle SL,
    4. Hill CL
    . The utility of ESR, CRP and platelets in the diagnosis of GCA. PMR with a normal ESR at diagnosis was infrequent in our study compared with previous studies. BMC Rheumatol 2019;3:14.
    OpenUrl
  14. 14.↵
    1. Nielung L,
    2. Christensen R,
    3. Danneskiold-Samsøe B,
    4. et al
    . Validity and agreement between the 28-Joint disease activity score based on C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis 2015;2015:401690.
    OpenUrl
  15. 15.↵
    1. Wells G,
    2. Becker JC,
    3. Teng J,
    4. et al
    . Validation of the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) and European League Against Rheumatism response criteria based on C-reactive protein against disease progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and comparison with the DAS28 based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:954–960.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  16. 16.↵
    1. Parikh M,
    2. Miller NR,
    3. Lee AG,
    4. et al
    . Prevalence of a normal C-reactive protein with an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Ophthalmology 2006;113:1842–1845.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  17. 17.↵
    1. Kermani TA,
    2. Schmidt J,
    3. Crowson CS,
    4. et al
    . Utility of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2012;41:866–871.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  18. 18.↵
    1. Fleischmann RM,
    2. van der Heijde D,
    3. Gardiner PV,
    4. Szumski A,
    5. Marshall L,
    6. Bananis E
    . DAS28-CRP and DAS28-ESR cut-offs for high disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis are not interchangeable. RMD Open 2017;3:e000382.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  19. 19.↵
    1. Solmaz D,
    2. Yildirim T,
    3. Avci O,
    4. Tomas N,
    5. Akar S
    . Performance characteristics of the simplified version of ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score (SASDAS). Clin Rheumatol 2016;35:1753–1758.
    OpenUrl
  20. 20.↵
    1. Cantini F,
    2. Salvarani C,
    3. Olivieri I,
    4. et al
    . Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in the evaluation of disease activity and severity in polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective follow-up study. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2000;30:17–24.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  21. 21.↵
    1. Costenbader KH,
    2. Chibnik LB,
    3. Schur PH
    . Discordance between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein measurements: clinical significance. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2007;25:746–749.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  22. 22.↵
    1. Colombet I,
    2. Pouchot J,
    3. Kronz V,
    4. et al
    . Agreement between erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in hospital practice. Am J Med 2010;123:863.e7-13.
    OpenUrl
  23. 23.↵
    1. Feldman M,
    2. Aziz B,
    3. Kang GN,
    4. Opondo MA,
    5. Belz RK,
    6. Sellers C
    . C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate discordance: frequency and causes in adults. Transl Res 2013;161:37–43.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    1. Katz PR,
    2. Gutman SI,
    3. Richman G,
    4. Karuza J,
    5. Bartholomew WR,
    6. Baum J
    . Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein compared in the elderly. Clin Chem 1989;35:466–468.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  25. 25.↵
    1. Kenny RA,
    2. Saunders AP,
    3. Coll A,
    4. et al
    . A comparison of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum C-reactive protein concentration in elderly patients. Age Ageing 1985;14:15–20.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  26. 26.↵
    1. Sbong S,
    2. Feldman M
    . Frequency and causes of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate disagreements in adults. Int J Rheum Dis 2015;18:29–32.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  27. 27.↵
    1. Osei-Bimpong A,
    2. Meek JH,
    3. Lewis SM
    . ESR or CRP? A comparison of their clinical utility. Hematology 2007;12:353–357.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  28. 28.↵
    1. Dinant GJ,
    2. de Kock CA,
    3. van Wersch JW
    . Diagnostic value of C-reactive protein measurement does not justify replacement of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in daily general practice. Eur J Clin Invest 1995;25:353–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  29. 29.↵
    1. Hansson LO,
    2. Carlsson I,
    3. Hansson E,
    4. Hovelius B,
    5. Svensson P,
    6. Tryding N
    . Measurement of C-reactive protein and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in general practice. Scand J Prim Health Care 1995;13:39–45.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  30. 30.↵
    1. Alende-Castro V,
    2. Alonso-Sampedro M,
    3. Vazquez-Temprano N,
    4. et al
    . Factors influencing erythrocyte sedimentation rate in adults: new evidence for an old test. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98:e16816.
    OpenUrl
  31. 31.↵
    1. Gual A,
    2. Martos AR,
    3. Lligona A,
    4. Llopis JJ
    . Does the concept of a standard drink apply to viticultural societies?. Alcohol Alcohol 1999;34:153–160.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  32. 32.↵
    1. Román-Viñas BL,
    2. Ribas-Barba L,
    3. Ngo J.,
    4. Serra-Majem L
    . Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire in the Catalan population (Spain). Gac Sanit 2013;27:254–257.
    OpenUrl
  33. 33.↵
    1. Craig CL,
    2. Marshall AL,
    3. Sjöström M,
    4. et al
    . International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35:1381–1395.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  34. 34.↵
    Expert panel on detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Executive summary of third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486–2497.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  35. 35.↵
    1. Plebani M,
    2. De Toni S,
    3. Sanzari MC,
    4. Bernardi D,
    5. Stockreiter E
    . The TEST 1 automated system: a new method for measuring the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Am J Clin Pathol 1998;110:334–340.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  36. 36.↵
    1. Romero A,
    2. Muñoz M,
    3. Ramírez G
    . Length of sedimentation reaction in blood: a comparison of the test 1 ESR system with the ICSH reference method and the sedisystem 15. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003;41:232–237.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  37. 37.↵
    1. Alende-Castro V,
    2. Alonso-Sampedro M,
    3. Gude F,
    4. Gonzalez-Quintela A
    . Serum concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the general adult population: possible implications for anti-IL-6 therapy in SARS-Cov-2 infection and IL-6-related diseases. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2021;31:75–78.
    OpenUrl
  38. 38.↵
    1. Ahmadi-Abhari S,
    2. Luben RN,
    3. Wareham NJ,
    4. Khaw K-T
    . Distribution and determinants of C-reactive protein in the older adult population: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk study. Eur J Clin Invest 2013;43:899–911.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  39. 39.↵
    1. García-Lorda P,
    2. Bulló M,
    3. Balanzà R,
    4. Salas-Salvadó J
    . C-reactive protein, adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in a Mediterranean population. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30:468–474.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  40. 40.↵
    1. Visser M,
    2. Bouter LM,
    3. McQuillan GM,
    4. Wener MH,
    5. Harris TB
    . Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA 1999;282:2131–2135.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  41. 41.↵
    1. Villegas R,
    2. Xiang YB,
    3. Cai H,
    4. et al
    . Lifestyle determinants of C-reactive protein in middle-aged, urban Chinese men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012;22:223–230.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  42. 42.↵
    1. Hotamisligil GS
    . Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 2006;444:860–867.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  43. 43.↵
    1. Jia RF,
    2. Li L,
    3. Li H,
    4. et al
    . Meta-analysis of C-reactive protein and risk of angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 2020;125:1039–45.
    OpenUrl
  44. 44.↵
    1. Albert MA,
    2. Glynn RJ,
    3. Ridker PM
    . Alcohol consumption and plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Circulation 2003;107:443–447.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  45. 45.↵
    1. Albert MA,
    2. Glynn RJ,
    3. Ridker PM
    . Effect of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:221–225.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  46. 46.↵
    1. Hammonds TL,
    2. Gathright EC,
    3. Goldstein CM,
    4. Penn MS,
    5. Hughes W
    . Effects of exercise on C-reactive protein in healthy patients and in patients with heart disease: A meta-analysis. Heart Lung 2016;45:273–382.
    OpenUrl
  47. 47.↵
    1. Pradhan AD,
    2. Manson JE,
    3. Rifai N,
    4. Buring JE,
    5. Ridker PM
    . C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001;286:327–334.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  48. 48.↵
    1. Ziv-Baran T,
    2. Shenhar-Tsarfaty S,
    3. Etz-Hadar I,
    4. et al
    . The ability of the wide range CRP assay to classify individuals with low grade inflammation into cardiovascular risk groups. Clin Chim Acta 2017;471:185–90.
    OpenUrl
  49. 49.↵
    1. Evans CR,
    2. Long DL,
    3. Howard G,
    4. et al
    . C-reactive protein and stroke risk in blacks and whites: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke cohort. Am Heart J 2019;217:94–100.
    OpenUrl
  50. 50.↵
    1. O'Sullivan JW,
    2. Stevens S,
    3. Hobbs FDR,
    4. et al
    . Temporal trends in use of tests in UK primary care, 2000-15: retrospective analysis of 250 million tests. BMJ 2018;363:k4666.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  51. 51.↵
    1. Watson J,
    2. Jones HE,
    3. Banks J,
    4. Whiting P,
    5. Salisbury C,
    6. Hamilton W
    . Use of multiple inflammatory marker tests in primary care: using Clinical Practice Research Datalink to evaluate accuracy. Br J Gen Pract 2019;69:e462–e469.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  52. 52.↵
    1. Watson J,
    2. de Salis I,
    3. Hamilton W,
    4. Salisbury C
    . 'I'm fishing really'–inflammatory marker testing in primary care: a qualitative study. Br J Gen Pract 2016;66:e200-6.
    OpenUrl
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools

Jump to section

Keywords