Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Sample Characteristics of Respondents Who Had versus Had Not Spent Less on Basic Needs to Pay for Medication (St. Louis, MO; 2016-2018), n = 270
Total N (%) Not Spending Less on Basic Needs (n = 144) N (%) Spending Less on Basic Needs (n = 126) N (%) Gender Female 161 (59.6) 78 (54.2) 83 (65.9) Race/ethnicity (ref: non-Hispanic White/other) Non-Hispanic Black 221 (81.9) 121 (84.0) 100 (79.4) Education level No high school (HS) diploma 57 (21.1) 37 (25.7) 20 (15.9) High school graduate or GED 101 (37.4) 49 (34.0) 52 (41.3) Some college/technical school (with HS diploma) 68 (25.2) 35 (24.3) 33 (26.2) College graduate or greater 44 (16.3) 23 (16.0) 21 (16.7) Employment status (ref: employed; out of work < 1 year; homemaker) Out of work > 1 year; unable to work; disabled; retired 169 (62.8) 91 (63.2) 78 (62.4) Monthly income < $400/mo 46 (17.2) 24 (16.9) 22 (17.6) $400-$799/mo 77 (28.8) 49 (34.5) 28 (22.4) $800-$1199/mo 59 (22.1) 26 (18.3) 33 (26.4) > $1200/mo 85 (31.8) 43 (30.3) 42 (33.6) Number of dependents 0 184 (68.1) 96 (66.7) 88 (69.8) 1 38 (14.1) 22 (15.3) 16 (12.7) 2+ 48 (17.8) 26 (18.1) 22 (17.5) Health insurance status Private; Medicare; dual 119 (44.1) 65 (45.1) 54 (42.9) Medicaid; local coverage program; veteran's health benefits 115 (42.6) 64 (44.4) 51 (40.5) Uninsured 36 (13.3) 15 (10.4) 21 (16.7) Prescription drug coverage (ref: full year) Less than full year 87 (32.2) 38 (26.4) 49 (38.9) Self-reported overall health (ref: excellent/good) Fair/poor 180 (66.7) 84 (58.3) 96 (76.2) Medication adherence (ref: adherent) Less than adherent 183 (68.0) 79 (54.9) 104 (83.2) Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Age 55.2 ± 9.6 54.9 ± 10.3 55.5 ± 8.9 Number of chronic conditions 4.8 ± 2.5 4.1 ± 2.2 5.5 ± 2.6 Number of medications 6.1 ± 3.9 5.3 ± 3.7 7.0 ± 3.8 Monthly medication expenditure ($) 82 ± 152 47 ± 122 113 ± 179 Note: Due to rounding, not all percentages may add to exactly 100.
SD, standard deviation.
- Table 2.
Bivariate Associations with Spending Less on Basic Needs to Pay for Medication (St. Louis, MO; 2016-2018), n = 270
Variable Odds Ratio 95% Confidence Interval P Value Gender: male 1.00 referent Female 1.63 (1.00, 2.69) 0.05 Age 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) 0.57 Race/ethnicity: non-Hispanic Black 1.00 referent Non-Hispanic White/other 1.37 (0.74, 2.56) 0.32 Education level: no high school (HS) diploma 1.00 referent High school graduate or GED 1.96 (1.01, 3.88) 0.05 Some college/technical school (with HSdiploma) 1.74 (0.85, 3.63) 0.13 College graduate or greater 1.69 (0.76, 3.80) 0.20 Employment status: employed; out of work < 1 year; homemaker 1.00 referent Out of work > 1 year; unable to work; disabled; retired 0.97 (0.59, 1.59) 0.89 Monthly income: < $400/mo 1.00 referent $400-$799/mo 0.62 (0.30, 1.31) 0.21 $800-$1199/mo 1.38 (0.64, 3.02) 0.41 > $1200/mo 1.07 (0.52, 2.19) 0.86 Number of dependents: 0 1.00 referent 1 0.79 (0.39, 1.60) 0.52 2+ 0.92 (0.49, 1.74) 0.81 Health insurance status: private; Medicare; dual 1.00 referent Medicaid; local coverage program; veteran'shealth benefits 0.96 (0.57, 1.61) 0.87 Uninsured 1.69 (0.80, 3.64) 0.18 Prescription drug coverage: full year 1.00 referent Less than full year 1.78 (1.06, 2.98) 0.03 Self-reported overall health: excellent/good 1.00 referent Fair/poor 2.29 (1.36, 3.91) <0.01 Number of chronic conditions 1.27 (1.15, 1.43) <0.01 Number of medications 1.13 (1.06, 1.21) <0.01 Monthly medication expenditure (hundreds of dollars) 1.66 (1.29, 2.24) <0.01 Medication adherence 0.25 (0.14, 0.43) <0.01 Unmet basic needs over the past 12 months 1.31 (1.11, 1.54) <0.01 Unmet basic needs at present 0.82 (0.64, 1.05) 0.12 Receiving/eligible for food stamps 0.89 (0.54, 1.46) 0.64 Visited food pantry in past 30 days 1.13 (0.70, 1.84) 0.62 Characterization of food at home: enough quantity, good quality 1.00 referent Enough food, but lacking in quality 4.40 (2.37, 8.44) <0.01 Sometimes/often not enough to eat 4.35 (2.21, 8.82) <0.01 Number of moves in past 3 months: 0 1.00 referent 1+ 0.94 (0.49, 1.78) 0.85 Transitional housing, shelter, or homeless 1.11 (0.57, 2.15) 0.77 No bank account (savings or checking) 0.89 (0.55, 1.44) 0.64 Not enough money to make ends meet 2.72 (1.67, 4.48) <0.01 Difficulty paying bills 1.51 (1.24, 1.85) <0.01 Financial problems 1.48 (1.24, 1.79) <0.01 Worry about making monthly living expenses (at least sometimes vs rarely or never) 4.16 (2.10, 8.90) <0.01 Unable to sleep well or other physical effects of financial worry (at least sometimes vs rarely or never) 3.93 (2.30, 6.88) <0.01 Financial problems interfere with or limit relationships (at least sometimes vs rarely or never) 2.67 (1.60, 4.50) <0.01 - Table 3.
Multivariable Logistic Regression Model Examining Characteristics of Individuals and Associations with Spending Less on Basic Needs to Pay for Medication (St. Louis, MO; 2016-2018), n = 270
Variable Odds Ratio 95% Confidence Interval P Value Education level: no high school (HS) diploma 1.00 Referent High school graduate or GED 1.79 (0.77, 4.26) 0.18 Some college/technical school (with HS diploma) 1.09 (0.43, 2.78) 0.86 College graduate or greater 0.99 (0.34, 2.90) 0.99 Prescription drug coverage: full year 1.00 Referent Less than full year 1.36 (0.70, 2.65) 0.36 Self-reported health status: excellent/good 1.00 Referent Fair/poor 2.00 (1.03, 3.93) 0.04 Number of chronic conditions 1.21 (1.06, 1.40) <0.01 Monthly medication expenses (hundreds of dollars) 1.41 (1.11, 1.89) <0.01 Medication adherence 0.38 (0.18, 0.77) <0.01 Unmet basic needs over past 12 months 1.08 (0.87, 1.35) 0.49 Characterization of food in house: enough quantity, good quality 1.00 Referent Enough quantity, lacking in quality 2.00 (0.91, 4.44) 0.08 Sometimes/often lacking in quantity 1.68 (0.70, 4.09) 0.25 Not enough money to make ends meet 1.36 (0.70, 2.67) 0.36 Difficulty paying bills 1.43 (1.11, 1.85) <0.01 Worry about making monthly living expenses (at least sometimes vs rarely or never) 1.09 (0.39, 3.18) 0.88
