Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Measures of problem list documentation outcomes among children (ages 3 to 17 years) with asthma comparing Latino English-preferring and Latino Spanish-preferring to non-Hispanic whites across 21 US states, 2005 to 2017.
- Figure 2.
Estimates of relative odds of ever receiving specific prescription medications comparing Latino English-preferring and Latino Spanish-preferring to non-Hispanic white children across 21 US states, 2005 to 2017. For corticosteroid inhalers and oral steroids outcomes, we report odds ratios overall (among all patients with persistent asthma) and stratified by maximum level of persistent asthma denoted by parentheses.
- Figure 3.
Among patients who were prescribed a medication, estimates of relative rates of specific prescription medications comparing Latino English-preferring and Latino Spanish-preferring to non-Hispanic whites across 21 US states, 2005 to 2017. For corticosteroid inhalers and oral steroids outcomes, we report odds ratios overall (among patients with persistent-asthma) and stratified by maximum level of persistent asthma denoted by parentheses.
Tables
Characteristic All Patients, N (%) Ethnicity/Language Group, N (%) Non-Hispanic Latino Latino White Preferring Spanish Preferring English Patients, N (row %) 37,614 (100.0) 12,747 (33.9) 13,472 (35.8) 11,395 (30.3) Female 16,450 (43.7) 5688 (44.6) 5756 (42.7) 5006 (43.9) Age in years, mean (SD) 8.0 (4.0) 8.6 (4.1) 7.4 (3.8) 8.0 (4.0) Payor type Private 3372 (9.0) 1975 (15.5) 421 (3.1) 976 (8.6) Medicaid 30,552 (81.2) 9637 (75.6) 11,523 (85.5) 9392 (82.4) Medicare 34 (0.1) 23 (0.2) 3 (0.0) 8 (0.1) Other public 379 (1.0) 116 (0.9) 152 (1.1) 111 (1.0) Uninsured 3277 (8.7) 996 (7.8) 1373 (10.2) 908 (8.0) Federal poverty level ≤138% 23,184 (61.6) 7248 (56.9) 9067 (67.3) 6869 (60.3) >138% 3412 (9.1) 1467 (11.5) 991 (7.4) 954 (8.4) No information 11,018 (29.3) 4032 (31.6) 3414 (25.3) 3572 (31.3) Body mass index* Normal 20,589 (54.7) 7547 (59.2) 6964 (51.7) 6078 (53.3) Overweight 6385 (17.0) 2077 (16.3) 2347 (17.4) 1961 (17.2) Obese 10,640 (28.3) 3123 (24.5) 4161 (30.9) 3356 (29.5) Yearly visits†, mean (SD) 2.9 (2.6) 2.6 (2.4) 3.3 (2.7) 2.9 (2.7) Note: All patient characteristics were derived at first asthma diagnosis at age 3 years or older unless otherwise specified.
Column p percentages are reported unless otherwise stated.
↵* Body mass index (BMI) calculated using the ‘childsds’ package in R based on age, sex, weight, and height. Overweight if BMI over the 85th percentile, obese if over the 95th percentile. Biologically implausible values were flagged as over 8 standard deviations over or 4 under the mean BMI.
↵† Yearly visits for any reason up to and including first asthma diagnosis at age 3 years or older.
SD, standard deviation.
- Table 2.
Unadjusted Yearly Prescription Rates for Latino and non-Hispanic White Children (Age 3–17 Years) Diagnosed with Asthma and Having at Least One Ambulatory Visit in the OCHIN or Health Choice Network, 2005–2017
Drug Class Non-Hispanic White Rate (95% CI) Hispanic Spanish-Preferred Rate (95% CI) Hispanic English-Preferred Rate (95% CI) Albuterol 1.27 (1.20, 1.33) 1.35 (1.24, 1.45) 1.34 (1.19, 1.49) Corticosteroid Inhaler* 1.22 (1.05, 1.40) 1.22 (0.94, 1.49) 1.00 (0.62, 1.37) Mild-persistent 1.12 (0.92, 1.31) 1.22 (0.91, 1.53) 0.90 (0.41, 1.38) Moderate-severe persistent 1.36 (1.16, 1.57) 1.21 (0.94, 1.47) 1.21 (0.99, 1.44) Oral steroid* 0.49 (0.40, 0.57) 0.47 (0.40, 0.54) 0.47 (0.35, 0.59) Mild-persistent 0.42 (0.29, 0.54) 0.40 (0.33, 0.47) 0.36 (0.25, 0.47) Moderate-severe persistent 0.58 (0.49, 0.67) 0.60 (0.51, 0.69) 0.69 (0.57, 0.81) ↵* Rates for children with persistent-asthma on record, overall and stratified by persistent-level.
CI, confidence interval.
- Appendix Table 1.
Characteristics at First Asthma Diagnosis Age 3 Years or Older for Patients Age 3–17 Years Having Had at Least 1 Ambulatory Visit in the OCHIN and Health Choice Network Networks on or after October 1, 2015
Characteristic All Patients, No. (%) Cohort, No. (%) Non-Hispanic Hispanic Hispanic White Prefer Spanish Prefer English Patients 31,195 9988 (32.0) 11,825 (37.9) 9382 (30.1) Female 13,816 (44.3) 4576 (45.8) 5085 (43.0) 4155 (44.3) Age, mean (SD), y 8.1 (4.1) 8.8 (4.2) 7.4 (3.8) 8.0 (4.1) Payor type Private 2706 (8.7) 1565 (15.7) 346 (2.9) 795 (8.5) Medicaid 25,647 (82.2) 7617 (76.3) 10212 (86.4) 7818 (83.3) Medicare 29 (0.1) 20 (0.2) 3 (0.0) 6 (0.1) Other public 272 (0.9) 86 (0.9) 111 (0.9) 75 (0.8) Uninsured 2541 (8.1) 700 (7.0) 1153 (9.8) 688 (7.3) Federal poverty level ≤138% 19,097 (61.2) 5641 (56.5) 7879 (66.6) 5577 (59.4) >138% 2802 (9.0) 1182 (11.8) 854 (7.2) 766 (8.2) No information 9296 (29.8) 3165 (31.7) 3092 (26.1) 3039 (32.4) Body mass index* Normal 16,998 (54.5) 5908 (59.2) 6107 (51.6) 4983 (53.1) Overweight 5288 (17.0) 1593 (15.9) 2072 (17.5) 1623 (17.3) Obese 8909 (28.6) 2487 (24.9) 3646 (30.8) 2776 (29.6) Yearly visits†, mean (SD) 3.1 (2.7) 2.7 (2.5) 3.4 (2.7) 3.0 (2.8) ↵* Body mass index (BMI) calculated using the ‘childsds’ package in R based on age, sex, weight, and height. Overweight if BMI over the 85th percentile, obese if over the 95th percentile. Biologically implausible values were flagged as over 8 standard deviations over or 4 under the mean BMI.
↵† Yearly Visits up to and including first asthma diagnosis at age 3 years or older.
SD, standard deviation; OCHIN, Oregon Community Health Information Network.
- Appendix Table 2.
Characteristics at First Asthma Diagnosis Age 3 Years or Older for Patients Age 3–17 Years Having Had at Least 1 Ambulatory Visit in the OCHIN and Health Choice Network Networks, Comparing Those with and without a Visit after October 1, 2015
Characteristic All Patients, No. (%) Had a Visit on/after October 1, 2015, No. (%) Did Not Have a Visit on/after October 1, 2015, No. (%) Patients 37,614 31,195 (83) 6419 (17) Female 16,450 (43.7) 13,816 (44.3) 2634 (41.0) Age, mean (SD), y 8.0 (4.0) 8.1 (4.1) 7.6 (3.4) Payor type Private 3372 (9.0) 2706 (8.7) 666 (10.4) Medicaid 30,552 (81.2) 25,647 (82.2) 4905 (76.4) Medicare 34 (0.1) 29 (0.1) 5 (0.1) Other public 379 (1.0) 272 (0.9) 107 (1.7) Uninsured 3277 (8.7) 2541 (8.1) 736 (11.5) Federal poverty level ≤138% 23184 (61.6) 19097 (61.2) 4087 (63.7) >138% 3412 (9.1) 2802 (9.0) 610 (9.5) No information 11018 (29.3) 9296 (29.8) 1722 (26.8) Body mass index* Normal 20589 (54.7) 16998 (54.5) 3591 (55.9) Overweight 6385 (17.0) 5288 (17.0) 1097 (17.1) Obese 10640 (28.3) 8909 (28.6) 1731 (27.0) Yearly visits†, mean (SD) 2.9 (2.6) 3.1 (2.7) 2.3 (2.1) The Patients in This Table Had a Valid BMI at First Asthma Diagnosis. Of the 49,057 Patients with Asthma 11,443 Did Not Have This Required BMI Data (9008 Had a Visit after Oct 1, 2015, and 2435 Did Not.
↵* Body mass index (BMI) calculated using the ‘childsds’ package in R based on age, sex, weight, and height. Overweight if BMI over the 85th percentile, obese if over the 95th percentile. Biologically implausible values were flagged as over 8 standard deviations over or 4 under the mean BMI.
↵† Yearly visits up to and including first asthma diagnosis at age 3 years or older.
SD, standard deviation; OCHIN, Oregon Community Health Information Network.
