Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Associations between Aerobic Fitness, Muscle Strength, or Body Mass Index in 1.5 Million 18-Year-Old Men and Subsequent Risk of Cardiovascular Disease-Related Outcomes and Mortality in Adulthood, Sweden, 1969 to 2012*
Outcome Aerobic Fitness (trend test per 100 Watts) Muscle Strength (trend test per 1000 Newtons) BMI (trend test per 1 unit) HR† 95% CI P HR† 95% CI P HR† 95% CI P Hypertension 0.70 0.69–0.71 <.001 1.02 1.00–1.04 .02 1.08 1.07–1.09 <.001 Type 2 diabetes 0.66 0.64–0.67 <.001 0.84 0.81–0.87 <.001 1.06 1.06–1.07 <.001 Ischemic heart disease 0.64 0.63–0.66 <.001 1.01 0.98–1.05 .37 1.07 1.06–1.07 <.001 Stroke 0.61 0.59–0.64 <.001 0.87 0.83–0.91 <.001 1.05 1.04–1.06 <.001 Heart failure 0.51 0.48–0.54 <.001 0.72 0.67–0.77 <.001 1.08 1.08–1.09 <.001 Atrial fibrillation 0.99 0.95–1.02 .41 0.94 0.90–0.98 .006 1.05 1.05–1.06 <.001 CVD mortality 0.46 0.44–0.49 <.001 0.58 0.55–0.62 <.001 1.08 1.07–1.09 <.001 All-cause mortality 0.55 0.54–0.57 <.001 0.73 0.71–0.75 <.001 1.03 1.02–1.04 <.001 ↵* Crump C, et al. Heart. 2017;103:1780–1787.
↵† Adjusted for age, calendar year, aerobic fitness, muscle strength, BMI, education, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and family history of the respective condition (or family history of any CVD in analyses of mortality).
BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Assess physical activity at each visit (including type of activity, frequency, intensity, duration) Link physical fitness with reduced risk of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, many cancers, depression/anxiety, premature mortality Address both aerobic activity and muscle strengthening, which together can be as important as weight loss WHO physical activity guidelines for adults Aerobic activity: ≥150 minutes of moderate activity per week (e.g., 30 minutes/day of brisk walking, slow biking) or ≥75 minutes of vigorous activity per week (e.g., 15 minutes/day of jogging/running, fast bicycling, swimming laps) Muscle strengthening: ≥2 times per week (does not require equipment, but instead may include push-ups, sit-ups, and lunges) WHO physical activity guidelines for children and youth Aerobic activity: ≥60 minutes of moderate or vigorous activity per day Muscle strengthening: ≥3 times per week (e.g., monkey bars and pull-ups) Prescribe an agreed-upon physical activity tailored to patient's interests, gradually working up to the recommended levels above Encourage record-keeping and provide encouragement or recognize success at each visit WHO, World Health Organization.
